{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T19:36:37Z","timestamp":1760729797732},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]],"date-time":"1997-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":873072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02459260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,8]],"date-time":"2006-07-08T02:40:53Z","timestamp":1152326453000},"page":"23-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Current state of science and technology in the Muslim world"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. B.","family":"Abu Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02459260_CR1","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Science and Technology in Asian Development","author":"Conference on the Application of Science and Technology to the Development of Asi (August 1968, New Delhi)","year":"1970","unstructured":"Conference on the Application of Science and Technology to the Development of Asi (August 1968, New Delhi).Science and Technology in Asian Development, Paris: Unesco, 1970, p. 155."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR2","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Science and Technology in Asian Development","author":"Conference on the Application of Science and Technology to the Development of Asia (August 1968, New Delhi)","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 159\u2013213."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR3","first-page":"9","volume-title":"One paisa for science","author":"I. H. Usmani","year":"1970","unstructured":"I. H. Usmani,One paisa for science, Lahore: Atomic Energy Centre, 1970, p. 9."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR4","first-page":"372","volume-title":"Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslim World","author":"F. A. Daghestani","year":"1991","unstructured":"F. A. Daghestani, A. R. Altamemi,Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslim World, Jeddah: IFSTAD, 1991, p. 372\u2013373."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR5","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslim World","author":"F. A. Daghestani","year":"1991","unstructured":"ibid., p. 369."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR6","unstructured":"O. I. C. Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation,Proceedings of...(first meeting. held in Islamabad), 10\u201313 May 1983, Islamabad, n.d., p. 90\u201392."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR7","unstructured":"Ibid. O. I. C. Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation,Proceedings of...(first meeting. held in Islamabad), 10\u201313 May 1983, Islamabad, n.d. p. 86."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR8","unstructured":"O. I. C. Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation,Proceedings of...(second meeting Islamabad), December 13\u201315. 1983, Islamabad, n.d., p.43\u201356."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR9","unstructured":"Ibid. O. I. C. Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation,Proceedings of...(second meeting Islamabad), December 13\u201315. 1983. Islamabad, n.d., p. 22\u201323, 28."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR10","first-page":"449","volume-title":"Science and Technology Policy for Self-Reliance in the Muslim World: Proceedings of the seminar...organized by the Islamic Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, 3rd to 5th December 1988, (edEds","year":"1989","unstructured":"Science and Technology Policy for Self-Reliance in the Muslim World: Proceedings of the seminar...organized by the Islamic Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, 3rd to 5th December 1988,F. A. Daghestani, H. F. El-Mulki, M. S. Al-Halaiqah (edEds), Amman: Islamic Academic of Sciences, 1989, p. 449."},{"issue":"2","key":"BF02459260_CR11","first-page":"69","volume":"6","author":"Qaisar Mushtaq","year":"1995","unstructured":"Qaisar Mushtaq, Decline of scientific activity in the Muslim world: causes and remedies,Islamic Thought & Scientific Creativity, 6(2) (1995) 69\u201379.","journal-title":"Islamic Thought & Scientific Creativity"},{"issue":"3","key":"BF02459260_CR12","first-page":"71","volume":"6","author":"Muhammad Khalid Masud","year":"1965","unstructured":"Muhammad Khalid Masud, Reasons for the decline of scientific activity and creativity in the Muslim world,Islamic Thought & Scientific Creativity, 6(3) (1965) 71\u201379.","journal-title":"Islamic Thought & Scientific Creativity"},{"issue":"4","key":"BF02459260_CR13","first-page":"7","volume":"6","author":"Ayub K. Ommaya","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ayub K. Ommaya, Requirements for renaissance of science in Islamic polity,Islamic Thought & Scientific Creativity, 6(4) (1995) 7\u201346.","journal-title":"Islamic Thought & Scientific Creativity"},{"key":"BF02459260_CR14","unstructured":"The World Competitiveness Report 1995. 15th ed. Lousanne: IMD, 1995, p. 673."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR15","unstructured":"CscChung-Oh Lee, Science and policy development strategies: the experience of the Republic of Korea, In:Science and Technology Policy for Self-Reliance in the Muslim World, proceedings..., p. 405."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR16","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslim World","author":"F. A. Daghestani","year":"1991","unstructured":"F. A. Daghestani, A. R. Altamemi,Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslim World, Jeddah, IFSTAD, 1991, p. 347."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR17","unstructured":"The World Competitiveness Report 1995, p. 651."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR18","unstructured":"Ibid. The World Competitiveness Report 1995, p. 652."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR19","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslium World","author":"F. A. Daghestani","year":"1991","unstructured":"F. A. Daghestani, A. R. Altamemi,Science and Technology Issues for Development in the Muslium World, Jeddah, IFSTAD, 1991, p. 159."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR20","unstructured":"The World Competitiveness Report 1995, p. 660"},{"key":"BF02459260_CR21","first-page":"150","volume":"32","author":"J. F. Miquel","year":"1995","unstructured":"J. F. Miquel, T. Ojasoo, Y. Okubo, A. Paul, J. C. Dore, World science in 18 disciplinary areas: comparative evaluation of the publication patterns of 48 countries over the period 1981\u20131992,Scientometrics, 32 (1995) 150.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"BF02459260_CR22","unstructured":"E-mail message received from Ms.Sheila Stewart, ISI, on 22 February 1996."},{"key":"BF02459260_CR23","volume-title":"The World Factbook 1994\u201395","author":"the Central Intelligence Agency","year":"1994","unstructured":"The figures for population, litercy and national product per capita were taken from:The World Factbook 1994\u201395,, produced by the Central Intelligence Agency. Washington: Brassey's, 1994. The GNP\/GDP data for China, Hungary, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia was taken from:The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1996. Mahwah, N. 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