{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T12:43:22Z","timestamp":1746449002662},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. High. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02960226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,25]],"date-time":"2008-09-25T00:12:31Z","timestamp":1222301551000},"page":"43-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Facts, procedures, and visual models in Novices\u2019 learning of coding skills"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Danielle E.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heejung","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02960226_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.228.4698.456","volume":"228","author":"J.R. Anderson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R., Boyle, C.F., & Reiser, B.F. (1985). Intelligent tutoring systems.Science, 228, 456\u2013462.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0802_1","volume":"8","author":"J.R. Anderson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R., Farrell, R., & Sauers, R. (1984). Learning to program in LISP.Cognitive Science, 8, 87\u2013129.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00584.x","volume":"4","author":"M.I. Bauer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bauer, M.I., & Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1993). How diagrams can improve reasoning.Psychological Science, 4, 372\u2013378.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR4","volume-title":"Types of knowledge representation (CCT Report 92\u20133)","author":"J.B. Black","year":"1992","unstructured":"Black, J.B. (1992).Types of knowledge representation (CCT Report 92\u20133). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2","volume":"5","author":"M.T.H. Chi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Chi, M.T.H., Feltovich, P.J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices.Cognitive Science, 5, 121\u2013152.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR6","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Inc.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR7","volume-title":"The nature of explanation","author":"K. Craik","year":"1943","unstructured":"Craik, K. (1943).The nature of explanation Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR8","volume-title":"Mental models","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gentner, D., & Stevens, A.L. (Eds.). (1983).Mental models Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR9","volume-title":"Doctoral dissertation","author":"T.D. Hendrix","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hendrix, T.D. (1996).A framework for language independent generation of graphical representations of algorithms Doctoral dissertation. Auburn University: Auburn, Alabama."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR10","unstructured":"Johnson, W.L., Soloway, E., Cutler, B., & Draper, S. (1983).Bug catalogue I., Technical Report 286, Department of Computer Science, Yale University."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR11","volume-title":"Mental models: Toward a cognitive science of language,inference, and consciousness","author":"P.N. Johnson-Laird","year":"1983","unstructured":"Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1983).Mental models: Toward a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness, Boston, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"BF02960226_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2003.10782391","volume":"35","author":"D. Jonassen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jonassen, D. (2003). Using cognitive tools to represent problems.Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(3), 362\u2013381.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR13","volume-title":"Data analysis: A model-comparison approach","author":"C.M. Judd","year":"1989","unstructured":"Judd, C.M., & McClelland, G.H. (1989).Data analysis: A model-comparison approach Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR14","volume-title":"Mental model development and reasoning about a causal system in a computer-based inquiry environment","author":"D.E. Kaplan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaplan, D.E. (2001).Mental model development and reasoning about a causal system in a computer-based inquiry environment Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Columbia University: New York."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR15","volume-title":"Programming proverbs","author":"H.F. Ledgard","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ledgard, H.F. (1975).Programming proverbs Rochell Park, NJ: Hayden."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.4.715","volume":"82","author":"R.E. Mayer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mayer, R.E., & Gallini, J. (1990). When is a picture worth a thousand words?Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 715\u2013727.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR17","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Advances in instructional psychology","author":"R.E. Mayer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mayer, R.E. (1993). Illustrations that instruct. In R. Glaser (Ed.),Advances in instructional psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 253\u2013284). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"issue":"1","key":"BF02960226_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3201_1","volume":"32","author":"R.E. Mayer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mayer, R.E. (1997). Multimedia in learning: Are we asking the right question?Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1006\/jvlc.1996.0012","volume":"7","author":"M.A. Najork","year":"1996","unstructured":"Najork, M.A. (1996). Programming in three dimensions.Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 7, 219\u2013242.","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Languages and Computing"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR20","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.C. (1990).The impact of informational feedback and a second attempt at practice questions on concept learning in computer-aided instruction. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR21","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.C. (1990).The impact of informational feedback and a second attempt at practice questions on concept learning in computer-aided instruction. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin."},{"key":"BF02960226_CR22","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Mental models","author":"D.A. Norman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Norman, D.A. (1983). Some observations on mental models. In D. Gentner & A.L. Stevens (Eds.),Mental models (pp. 99\u2013129). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"issue":"6","key":"BF02960226_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/203241.203251","volume":"38","author":"M. Petre","year":"1995","unstructured":"Petre, M. (1995). Why looking isn\u2019t always seeing: Readership skills and graphical programming.Communications of the ACM, 38(6), 33\u201344.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR24","first-page":"753","volume":"17","author":"S.K. Reed","year":"1991","unstructured":"Reed, S.K., & Bolstad, C.A. (1991). Use of examples and procedures in problem solving.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 753\u2013766.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2004_1","volume":"20","author":"D.L. Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.L., & Black, J.B. (1996a). Shuttling between depictive models and abstract rules.Cognitive Science, 20, 457\u2013497.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1996.0006","volume":"30","author":"D.L. Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.L., & Black, J.B. (1996b). Analog imagery in mental model reasoning: Depictive models.Cognitive Psychology, 30, 154\u2013219.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR27","volume-title":"Categorical data analysis using the SAS System","author":"M.E. Stokes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stokes, M.E., Davis, C.S., & Koch, G.G. (2000).Categorical data analysis using the SAS System (2nd ed.). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"BF02960226_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(97)00008-2","volume":"18","author":"M. Suwa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1997). What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis.Design Studies, 18(4), 385\u2013403.","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR29","volume-title":"Instructional design in technical areas","author":"J. Sweller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sweller, J. (1999).Instructional design in technical areas Victoria, Australia: The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd (ACER)."},{"issue":"1","key":"BF02960226_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0201_3","volume":"2","author":"J. Sweller","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sweller, J., & Cooper, G.A. (1985). The use of worked examples as a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra.Cognition and Instruction, 2(1), 59\u201389.","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2000.0433","volume":"54","author":"S. Tung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tung, S., & Chang, C. (2001). Visual representations for recursion.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 54, 285\u2013300.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"BF02960226_CR32","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"B. Tversky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tversky, B., Heiser, J., Lee, P., & Zacks, J. M. (2002). Diagrams to augment cognition. In W.D. Gray & CD. Shunn (Eds.),Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (p. 57). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computing in Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02960226.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02960226\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02960226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T23:12:32Z","timestamp":1558566752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02960226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02960226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02960226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-1726","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}}}