{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:01:25Z","timestamp":1775055685361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circuits Syst Signal Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-018-0791-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1519624252000},"page":"4929-4954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Digital-to-Analog Converters Using Frequency Interleaving: Mathematical Framework and Experimental Verification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4223-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Kottke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vicky H.","family":"Tanzil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Jungnickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Friedel","family":"Gerfers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12532-008-0001-1","volume":"1","author":"Tobias Achterberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"T. Achterberg, SCIP: solving constraint integer programs, Math. Program. Comput. 1(1), 1\u201341 (2009). http:\/\/mpc.zib.de\/index.php\/MPC\/article\/view\/4","journal-title":"Mathematical Programming Computation"},{"issue":"14","key":"791_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.1154","volume":"46","author":"S Balasubramanian","year":"2010","unstructured":"S. Balasubramanian, W. Khalil, Direct digital-to-RF digital-to-analogue converter using image replica and nonlinearity cancelling architecture. Electron. Lett. 46(14), 1030\u20131032 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/el.2010.1154","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"791_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2011.2172526","volume":"58","author":"S Balasubramanian","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Balasubramanian, G. Creech, J. Wilson, S. Yoder, J. McCue, M. Verhelst, W. Khalil, Systematic analysis of interleaved digital-to-analog converters. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 58(12), 882\u2013886 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSII.2011.2172526","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"791_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962492913000032","volume":"22","author":"P Belotti","year":"2013","unstructured":"P. Belotti, C. Kirches, S. Leyffer, J. Linderoth, J. Luedtke, A. Mahajan, Mixed-integer nonlinear optimization. Acta Numer. 22, 1\u2013131 (2013)","journal-title":"Acta Numer."},{"key":"791_CR5","volume-title":"Nonlinear Programming","author":"DP Bertsekas","year":"1999","unstructured":"D.P. Bertsekas, Nonlinear Programming (Athena scientific, Belmont, 1999)"},{"key":"791_CR6","volume-title":"Introduction to Linear Optimization","author":"D Bertsimas","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. Bertsimas, J.N. Tsitsiklis, Introduction to Linear Optimization, vol. 6 (Athena Scientific, Belmont, 1997)"},{"key":"791_CR7","volume-title":"Handbook of Mathematics","author":"IN Bronshtein","year":"2013","unstructured":"I.N. Bronshtein, K.A. Semendyayev, Handbook of Mathematics (Springer, Berlin, 2013)"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2614126","volume":"35","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"X. Chen, S. Chandrasekhar, S. Randel, G. Raybon, A. Adamiecki, P. Pupalaikis, P. Winzer, All-electronic 100-ghz bandwidth digital-to-analog converter generating PAM signals up to 190 gbaud. J. Lightw. Technol. 35(3), 411\u2013417 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2016.2614126","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"791_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Chen, S. Chandrasekhar, P. Winzer, P. Pupalaikis, I. Ashiq, A. Khanna, A. Steffan, A. Umbach, 180-GBaud Nyquist shaped optical QPSK generation based on a 240-GSa\/s 100-GHz analog bandwidth DAC, in Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2016, Optical Society of America, The Optical Society (2016), pp. AS4A\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ACPC.2016.AS4A.1","DOI":"10.1364\/ACPC.2016.AS4A.1"},{"key":"791_CR10","unstructured":"Cisco Systems Inc Cisco visual networking index. Technical report, Cisco Systems Inc (2016)"},{"issue":"7","key":"791_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2004.829968","volume":"39","author":"J Deveugele","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. Deveugele, P. Palmers, M.S.J. Steyaert, Parallel-path digital-to-analog converters for Nyquist signal generation. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 39(7), 1073\u20131082 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSSC.2004.829968","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1974.1128210","volume":"22","author":"S Egami","year":"1974","unstructured":"S. Egami, Nonlinear, linear analysis and computer-aided design of resistive mixers. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 22(3), 270\u2013275 (1974)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"791_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Ferenci, M. Grozing, M. Berroth, A 25\u00a0GHz analog multiplexer for a 50GS\/s D\/A-conversion system in InP dhbt technology, in Proceeding of the IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium (CSICS) (2011), pp. 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSICS.2011.6062440","DOI":"10.1109\/CSICS.2011.6062440"},{"key":"791_CR14","unstructured":"HHI. Fraunhofer, 70 GSa\/s arbitrary waveform generator (2013). http:\/\/hhi.fraunhofer.de\/70awg"},{"issue":"9","key":"791_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8242","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.008242","volume":"19","author":"DJ Geisler","year":"2011","unstructured":"D.J. Geisler, N.K. Fontaine, R.P. Scott, T. He, L. Paraschis, O. Gerstel, J.P. Heritage, S. Yoo, Bandwidth scalable, coherent transmitter based on the parallel synthesis of multiple spectral slices using optical arbitrary waveform generation. Opt. Express 19(9), 8242\u20138253 (2011)","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"4","key":"791_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2015.2403846","volume":"63","author":"H Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"H. Huang, J. Heilmeyer, M. Grozing, M. Berroth, J. Leibrich, W. Rosenkranz, An 8-bit 100-GS\/s distributed DAC in 28-nm CMOS for optical communications. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 63(4), 1211\u20131218 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMTT.2015.2403846","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"issue":"6","key":"791_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2002.1009997","volume":"12","author":"YJ Hwang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Y.J. Hwang, C.H. Lien, H. Wang, M.W. Sinclair, R.G. Gough, H. Kanoniuk, T.H. Chu, A 78\u2013114 GHz monolithic subharmonically pumped GaAs-based HEMT diode mixer. IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. 12(6), 209\u2013211 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LMWC.2002.1009997","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"791_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2008.2004538","volume":"55","author":"A Jha","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. Jha, P.R. Kinget, Wideband signal synthesis using interleaved partial-order hold current-mode digital-to-analog converters. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 55(11), 1109\u20131113 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSII.2008.2004538","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"791_CR19","unstructured":"T. Koch, Rapid mathematical prototyping. Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin (2004)"},{"key":"791_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Kottke, K. Habel, C. Schmidt, V. Jungnickel, 154.9\u00a0Gb\/s OFDM transmission using IM-DD, electrical IQ-mixing and signal combining, in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) (2016a), pp. 1\u20133","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2016.Th3C.4"},{"key":"791_CR21","unstructured":"C. Kottke, C. Schmidt, K. Habel, V. Jungnickel, 178 Gb\/s short-range optical transmission based on OFDM, electrical up-conversion and signal combining, in Proceedings of the European Conference Optical Communication (ECOC), VDE VERLAG GmbH (2016b), pp. 866\u2013868"},{"key":"791_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Krall, C. Vogel, K. Witrisal, Time-interleaved digital-to-analog converters for UWB signal generation, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (2007), pp. 366\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUWB.2007.4380971","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2007.4380971"},{"issue":"4","key":"791_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2284134","volume":"32","author":"C Laperle","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. Laperle, M. OSullivan, Advances in high-speed DACs, ADCs, and DSP for optical coherent transceivers. J. Lightw. Technol. 32(4), 629\u2013643 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2013.2284134","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"791_CR24","unstructured":"LeCroy Corporation, The Interleaving Process in Digital Bandwidth Interleaving (dbi) Scopes, LeCroy Corporation, White paper (2009)"},{"key":"791_CR25","volume-title":"Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming","author":"J Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Lee, S. Leyffer, Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming, vol. 154 (Springer, Berlin, 2011)"},{"key":"791_CR26","unstructured":"M. Microwave, MM1-2567LS. Technical report, Marki Microwave (2016). http:\/\/www.markimicrowave.com\/Assets\/DataSheets\/mm1-2567LS.pdf"},{"key":"791_CR27","unstructured":"S. Millimeter, SFB-83310410-1010kf-n3 data sheet. Technical Report, SAGE Millimeter (2015)"},{"key":"791_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Nagatani, H. Yamazaki, H. Wakita, H. Nosaka, K. Kurishima, M. Ida, A. Sano, Y. Miyamoto, A 50-ghz-bandwidth inp-hbt analog-mux module for high-symbol-rate optical communications systems, in 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) (2016), pp. 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MWSYM.2016.7540042","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2016.7540042"},{"key":"791_CR29","volume-title":"Discrete-Time Signal Processing","author":"A Oppenheim","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. Oppenheim, R. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing (Pearson, London, 2013)"},{"issue":"5","key":"791_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.926657","volume":"25","author":"F Pancaldi","year":"2008","unstructured":"F. Pancaldi, G. Vitetta, R. Kalbasi, N. Al-Dhahir, M. Uysal, H. Mheidat, Single-carrier frequency domain equalization. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 25(5), 37\u201356 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2008.926657","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"791_CR31","unstructured":"P. Pupalaikis, Digital Bandwidth Interleaving. White paper, LeCroy Corporation (2005)"},{"key":"791_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G.I. Radulov, P.J. Quinn, P. Harpe, H. Hegt, A. van Roermund, Parallel current-steering D\/A converters for flexibility and smartness, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (2007), pp 1465\u20131468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.378579","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.378579"},{"key":"791_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Rios-M\u00fcller, J. Renaudier, P. Brindel, H. Mardoyan, P. Jennev\u00e9, L. Schmalen, G. Charlet, 1-Terabit\/s net data-rate transceiver based on single-carrier Nyquist-shaped 124 GBaud PDM-32QAM, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Optical Society of America (2015), pp. Th5B\u20131","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2015.Th5B.1"},{"key":"791_CR34","unstructured":"C. Schmidt, C. Kottke, V. Jungnickel, R. Freund, Enhancing the bandwidth of DACs by analog bandwidth interleaving, in Proceedings of Broadband Coverage in Germany; 10th ITG-Symposium, VDE (2016a), pp. 1\u20138"},{"key":"791_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Schmidt, V.H. Tanzil, C. Kottke, R. Freund, V. Jungnickel, Digital signal splitting among multiple DACs for analog bandwidth interleaving (ABI), in IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems Proceedings (2016b)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2016.7841178"},{"key":"791_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Schmidt, C. Kottke, V. Jungnickel, R. Freund, High-speed digital-to-analog converter concepts, in Proceedings of the SPIE Photonics West, vol. 10130 (2017), pp 101,300N\u2013101,300N\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2250359","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2250359"},{"key":"791_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Schmidt, C. Kottke, R. Freund, V. Jungnickel, Bandwidth enhancement for an optical access link by using a frequency interleaved DAC, in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC). Optical Society of America (2018)","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.W4G.2"},{"issue":"12","key":"791_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2005.859992","volume":"15","author":"B Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"B. Thomas, A. Maestrini, G. Beaudin, A low-noise fixed-tuned 300\u2013360-GHz sub-harmonic mixer using planar Schottky diodes. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 15(12), 865\u2013867 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LMWC.2005.859992","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2009.2015365","volume":"56","author":"PTM Zeijl van","year":"2009","unstructured":"P.T.M. van Zeijl, M. Collados, On the attenuation of DAC aliases through multiphase clocking. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 56(3), 190\u2013194 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSII.2009.2015365","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"791_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Yamazaki, M. Nagatani, F. Hamaoka, S. Kanazawa, H. Nosaka, T. Hashimoto, Y. Miyamoto, 300-gbps discrete multi-tone transmission using digital-preprocessed analog-multiplexed DAC with halved clock frequency and suppressed image, in Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) (2016a)","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2015.7341681"},{"issue":"7","key":"791_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2508040","volume":"34","author":"H Yamazaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"H. Yamazaki, M. Nagatani, S. Kanazawa, H. Nosaka, T. Hashimoto, A. Sano, Y. Miyamoto, Digital-preprocessed analog-multiplexed DAC for ultrawideband multilevel transmitter. J. Lightw. Technol. 34(7), 1579\u20131584 (2016b). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2015.2508040","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."}],"container-title":["Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00034-018-0791-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-018-0791-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-018-0791-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T17:17:42Z","timestamp":1570814262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00034-018-0791-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-018-0791-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-081X","1531-5878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-081X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}