{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:06:55Z","timestamp":1749456415952,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circuits Syst Signal Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-020-01523-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T20:03:31Z","timestamp":1597867411000},"page":"1089-1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Ultra-Low-Voltage VCO-Based \u0394\u03a3 Modulator Using Self-compensated Current Reference for Variation Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Neelakantan","family":"Narasimman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1779-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony Tae-Hyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1523_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Bandyopadhyay, P.P. Mercier, A.C. Lysaght, K.M. Stankovic, A.P. Chandrakasan, A 1.1\u00a0nW energy harvesting system with 544\u00a0pW quiescent power for next-generation implants, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 396\u2013397 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2014.6757485"},{"key":"1523_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Blaauw, D. Sylvester, L. Yoonmyung, L. InHee Yoonmyung, B. Suyoung, L. Inhee, et al., From digital processors to analog building blocks: enabling new applications through ultra-low voltage design, in IEEE Subthreshold Microelectronics Conference, pp. 1\u20131 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/SubVT.2012.6404325"},{"key":"1523_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2004.842059","volume":"52","author":"EM Camacho-Galeano","year":"2005","unstructured":"E.M. Camacho-Galeano, C. Galup-Montoro, M.C. Schneider, A 2-nW 1.1-V self-biased current reference in CMOS technology. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 52, 61\u201365 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"1523_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Choi, I. Lee, T. Jang, D. Blaauw, D. Sylvester, A 23\u00a0pW, 780\u00a0ppm\/\u00b0C resistor-less current reference using subthreshold MOSFETs, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 119\u2013122 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2014.6942036"},{"key":"1523_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Clerc, F. Abouzeid, F. Argoud, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, P. Roche, A 240\u00a0mV 1\u00a0MHz, 340\u00a0mV 10\u00a0MHz, 40\u00a0nm CMOS, 252 bits frame decoder using ultra-low voltage circuit design platform, in IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, pp. 117\u2013120 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2011.6122228"},{"key":"1523_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Das, Y. Gao, T.T.H. Kim, A 76% efficiency boost converter with 220\u00a0mV self-startup and 2\u00a0nW quiescent power for high resistance thermo-electric energy harvesting, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 237\u2013240 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2015.7313871"},{"key":"1523_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Hamilton, Y. Shouli, T.R. Viswanathan, An uncalibrated 2\u00a0MHz, 6\u00a0mW, 63.5\u00a0dB SNDR discrete-time input VCO-based \u0394\u03a3 ADC, in IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 1\u20134 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2012.6330700"},{"key":"1523_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Kadirvel, Y. Ramadass, U. Lyles, J. Carpenter, V. Ivanov, V. McNeil, et al., A 330\u00a0nA energy-harvesting charger with battery management for solar and thermoelectric energy harvesting, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 106\u2013108 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2012.6176896"},{"key":"1523_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2009.2018928","volume":"57","author":"J Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"J. Kim, T.-K. Jang, Y.-G. Yoon, S.H. Cho, Analysis and design of voltage-controlled oscillator based analog-to-digital converter. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap. 57, 18\u201330 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap."},{"key":"1523_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2007.899239","volume":"15","author":"TH Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"T.H. Kim, J. Keane, H. Eom, C.H. Kim, Utilizing reverse short-channel effect for optimal subthreshold circuit design. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst. 15, 821\u2013829 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"1523_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2204475","volume":"47","author":"J Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Lee, S. Cho, A 1.4-\u00b5W 24.9-ppm\/\u00b0C current reference with process-insensitive temperature compensation in 0.18-\u00b5m CMOS. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 47, 2527\u20132533 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"1523_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2015.2502166","volume":"5","author":"K Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. Lee, Y. Yoon, N. Sun, A scaling-friendly low-power small-area \u03a3\u0394 ADC with VCO-based integrator and intrinsic mismatch shaping capability. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst. 5, 561\u2013573 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"1523_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2693244","volume":"52","author":"S Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Li, A. Mukherjee, N. Sun, A 174.3-dB FoM VCO-based CT \u0394\u03a3 modulator with a fully-digital phase extended quantizer and tri-level resistor DAC in 130-nm CMOS. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 52, 1940\u20131952 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"1523_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2016.2613505","volume":"64","author":"JY Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"J.Y. Lin, C.C. Hsieh, A 0.3\u00a0V 10-bit SAR ADC with first 2-bit guess in 90-nm CMOS. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap. 64, 562\u2013572 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap."},{"key":"1523_CR15","unstructured":"Y. Long, P. Harpe, M. Osawa, Y. Harada, K. Tamiya, C. Van Hoof, et al., A 680\u00a0nA fully integrated implantable ECG-acquisition IC with analog feature extraction, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 418\u2013419 (2014)"},{"key":"1523_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2017.2705053","volume":"64","author":"N Lotze","year":"2017","unstructured":"N. Lotze, Y. Manoli, Ultra-sub-threshold operation of always-on digital circuits for IoT applications by use of Schmitt trigger gates. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap. 64, 2920\u20132933 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap."},{"key":"1523_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Mathew, S. Satpathy, V. Suresh, R.K. Krishnamurthy, Energy efficient and ultra low voltage security circuits for nanoscale CMOS technologies, in IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 1\u20134 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2017.7993609"},{"key":"1523_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.L.A.D. Melo, F. Querido, N. Paulino, J. Goes, A 0.4-V 410-nW opamp-less continuous-time \u0394\u03a3 modulator for biomedical applications, in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 1340\u20131343 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2014.6865391"},{"key":"1523_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2179732","volume":"47","author":"F Michel","year":"2012","unstructured":"F. Michel, M.S.J. Steyaert, A 250\u00a0mV 7.5\u00a0\u03bcW 61\u00a0dB SNDR SC \u0394\u03a3 modulator using near-threshold-voltage-biased inverter amplifiers in 130\u00a0nm CMOS. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 47, 709\u2013721 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"1523_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Narasimman, T.T. Kim, A 0.3\u00a0V, 49 fJ\/conv.-step VCO-based delta sigma modulator with self-compensated current reference for variation tolerance, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 237\u2013240 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2016.7598286"},{"key":"1523_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2019.2906777","volume":"1","author":"V Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"V. Nguyen, F. Schembari, R.B. Staszewski, A 0.2-V 30-MS\/s 11b-ENOB open-loop VCO-based ADC in 28-nm CMOS. IEEE Solid State Circuits Lett. 1, 190\u2013193 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Solid State Circuits Lett."},{"key":"1523_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Orguc, H.S. Khurana, H.S. Lee, A.P., Chandrakasan: 0.3\u00a0V ultra-low power sensor interface for EMG, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 219\u2013222 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2017.8094565"},{"key":"1523_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2032703","volume":"44","author":"M Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Park, M.H. Perrott, A 78\u00a0dB SNDR 87 mW 20\u00a0MHz bandwidth continuous-time ADC with VCO-based integrator and quantizer implemented in 0.13\u00a0m CMOS. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 44, 3344\u20133358 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"1523_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2446977","volume":"31","author":"RD Prabha","year":"2016","unstructured":"R.D. Prabha, M.G.A. Rincan, 0.18\u00a0\u03bcm light-harvesting battery-assisted charger-supply CMOS system. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 31, 2950\u20132958 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"1523_CR25","unstructured":"Z. Qiao, X. Zhou, Q. Li, A 250\u00a0mV 77\u00a0dB DR 10\u00a0kHz BW SC \u0394\u03a3 modulator exploiting subthreshold OTAs, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 419\u2013422 (2104)"},{"key":"1523_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2008.2010577","volume":"56","author":"B Ray","year":"2009","unstructured":"B. Ray, S. Mahapatra, Modeling of channel potential and subthreshold slope of symmetric double-gate transistor. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 56, 260\u2013266 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Dev."},{"key":"1523_CR27","unstructured":"R. Sachin, K. Reddy, B. Young, P.K. Hanumolu, A 4.1\u00a0mW, 12-bit ENOB, 5\u00a0MHz BW, VCO-based ADC with on-chip deterministic digital background calibration in 90\u00a0nm CMOS, in Symposium on VLSI Circuits, pp. C68\u2013C69 (2103)"},{"key":"1523_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2007.905390","volume":"54","author":"P Sankar","year":"2007","unstructured":"P. Sankar, S. Pavan, Analysis of integrator nonlinearity in a class of continuous-time delta-sigma modulators. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 54, 1125\u20131129 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"1523_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.914336","volume":"43","author":"G Serrano","year":"2008","unstructured":"G. Serrano, P. Hasler, A precision low-TC Wide-range CMOS current reference. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 43, 558\u2013565 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"1523_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2010.2073193","volume":"45","author":"G Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"G. Taylor, I. Galton, A mostly-digital variable-rate continuous-time delta-sigma modulator ADC. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 45, 2634\u20132646 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"1523_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2014.2360760","volume":"62","author":"B Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"B. Wang, T.Q. Nguyen, A.T. Do, J. Zhou, M. Je, T.T.H. Kim, Design of an ultra-low voltage 9T SRAM with equalized bitline leakage and CAM-assisted energy efficiency improvement. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap. 62, 441\u2013448 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Pap."},{"key":"1523_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Wang, J. Zhou, K.H. Chang, M. Je, T.T. Kim, A 0.18\u00a0V charge-pumped DFF with 50.8% energy-delay reduction for near-\/sub-threshold circuits, in IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 121\u2013124 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ASSCC.2013.6690997"},{"key":"1523_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2018.2875825","volume":"1","author":"H Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. Wang, P.P. Mercier, A 34-pW 04-V 4693\u00a0ppm\/\u00b0C five-transistor current reference generator. IEEE Solid State Circuits Lett. 1, 122\u2013125 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Solid State Circuits Lett."},{"key":"1523_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Wismar, D. Wisland, P. Andreani, A 0.2\u00a0V 0.44\u00a0\u03bcW 20\u00a0kHz analog to digital \u03a3\u0394 modulator with 57\u00a0fJ\/conversion FoM, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 187\u2013190 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIR.2006.307562"},{"key":"1523_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Wismar, D. Wisland, P. Andreani, A 0.2\u00a0V, 7.5\u00a0\u03bcW, 20\u00a0kHz \u03a3\u0394 modulator with 69\u00a0dB SNR in 90\u00a0nm CMOS, in IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 206\u2013209 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2007.4430281"},{"key":"1523_CR36","unstructured":"C. Ying-Da, W. Chan-Hsiang, L. Tsung-Hsien, W. Chorng-Kuang, A 379\u00a0nW 58.5\u00a0dB SNDR VCO-based \u0394\u03a3 modulator for bio-potential monitoring, in Symposium on VLSI Circuits, pp. C66\u2013C67 (2013)"},{"key":"1523_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Yoo, Y. Long, D. El-Damak, M. Bin Altaf, A. Shoeb, H.-J. Yoo, An 8-channel scalable EEG acquisition SoC with fully integrated patient-specific seizure classification and recording processor, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 292\u2013294 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2012.6177019"},{"key":"1523_CR38","unstructured":"L. Yu-Te, Y. Huanfen, B. Parviz, B. Otis, 3\u00a0\u03bcW wirelessly powered CMOS glucose sensor for an active contact lens, in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 38\u201340 (2011)"}],"container-title":["Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-020-01523-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00034-020-01523-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-020-01523-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:01:34Z","timestamp":1629331294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00034-020-01523-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-020-01523-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-081X","1531-5878"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0278-081X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1531-5878"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}