{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:43:06Z","timestamp":1782186186097,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant","award":["61871203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871203"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX24_2606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX24_2606"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX24_4174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX24_4174"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circuits Syst Signal Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-025-03100-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T13:10:36Z","timestamp":1743945036000},"page":"6193-6226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["NLOS Measurement Identification Based on TDOA in Mixed NLOS\u2013LOS Environments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boon-Chong","family":"Seet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxiong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3100_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K.M. Al-Qahtani, A.S. Al-Ahmari, A.H. Muqaibel et al., Improved residual weighting for NLOS mitigation in TDOA-based UWB positioning systems. in 2014 21st International Conference on Telecommunications (2014). pp. 211\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICT.2014.6845110","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT.2014.6845110"},{"issue":"5","key":"3100_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2921439","volume":"69","author":"S Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Cao, X. Chen, X. Zhang et al., Combined weighted method for TDOA-based localization. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 69(5), 1962\u20131971 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2019.2921439","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"8","key":"3100_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/78.301830","volume":"42","author":"YT Chan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Y.T. Chan, K.C. Ho, A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 42(8), 1905\u20131915 (1994). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/78.301830","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"3100_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2005.861162","volume":"55","author":"YT Chan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Y.T. Chan, H.Y.C. Hang, P. Ching, Exact and approximate maximum likelihood localization algorithms. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 55(1), 10\u201316 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2005.861162","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"3100_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2005.861207","volume":"55","author":"YT Chan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Y.T. Chan, W.Y. Tsui, H.C. So et al., Time-of-arrival based localization under NLOS conditions. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 55(1), 17\u201324 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2005.861207","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"3100_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/20858","volume":"2006","author":"KW Cheung","year":"2006","unstructured":"K.W. Cheung, H.C. So, W.K. Ma et al., A constrained least squares approach to mobile positioning: algorithms and optimality. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2006, 1\u201323 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/20858","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"issue":"10","key":"3100_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7680","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3149048","volume":"9","author":"PS Farahsari","year":"2022","unstructured":"P.S. Farahsari, A. Farahzadi, J. Rezazadeh et al., A survey on indoor positioning systems for IoT-based applications. IEEE Internet Things J. 9(10), 7680\u20137699 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3149048","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"13","key":"3100_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11414","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3245144","volume":"10","author":"D Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Feng, J. Peng, Y. Zhuang et al., An adaptive IMU\/UWB fusion method for NLOS indoor positioning and navigation. IEEE Intern. Things J. 10(13), 11414\u201311428 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3245144","journal-title":"IEEE Intern. Things J."},{"key":"3100_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Guo, L. Zhang, W. Wang et al., Hyperbolic localization algorithm in mixed LOS-NLOS environments. in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power, Intelligent Computing and Systems (2020). pp. 847\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICPICS50287.2020.9202369","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPICS50287.2020.9202369"},{"key":"3100_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3171678","volume":"70","author":"Z Hajiakhondi-Meybodi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z. Hajiakhondi-Meybodi, A. Mohammadi, M. Hou et al., DQLEL: Deep Q-learning for energy-optimized LoS\/NLoS UWB node selection. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 70, 2532\u20132547 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2022.3171678","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"3100_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5482","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3148128","volume":"22","author":"MA Jamshed","year":"2022","unstructured":"M.A. Jamshed, K. Ali, Q.H. Abbasi et al., Challenges, applications, and future of wireless sensors in internet of things: a review. IEEE Sens. J. 22(6), 5482\u20135494 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3148128","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"3100_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.09.011","volume":"143","author":"T Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. Jia, H. Wang, X. Shen et al., Target localization based on structured total least squares with hybrid TDOA-AOA measurements. Signal Process. 143, 211\u2013221 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.09.011","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"3100_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115186","volume":"237","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Li, Z. Gao, C. Yang et al., A novel UWB\/INS tight integration model based on ranging offset calibration and robust cubature Kalman filter. Measurement 237, 115186 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115186","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"3100_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-024-02703-4","volume":"43","author":"Y Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Liao, Y. Wang, Source localization using TDOA based on improved snake optimizer. Circ. Syst. Signal Process. 43, 5237\u20135261 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-024-02703-4","journal-title":"Circ. Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"11","key":"3100_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2013.04.004","volume":"93","author":"L Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"L. Lin, H.C. So, F.K.W. Chan et al., A new constrained weighted least squares algorithm for TDOA-based localization. Signal Process. 93(11), 2872\u20132878 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2013.04.004","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"8","key":"3100_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-021-01661-5","volume":"40","author":"H Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Lin et al., A multiple sources localization method based on TDOA without association ambiguity for near and far mixed field sources. Circ. Syst. Signal Process. 40(8), 4018\u20134046 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-021-01661-5","journal-title":"Circ. Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"15","key":"3100_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13673","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3262753","volume":"10","author":"C Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Luo, X. Yang, X. Ge et al., An Improved Particle-Filter-Based Hybrid Optimization Algorithm for IoT Positioning in Uncertain WSNs. IEEE Intern. Things J. 10(15), 13673\u201313685 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3262753","journal-title":"IEEE Intern. Things J."},{"issue":"12","key":"3100_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2021.3125911","volume":"5","author":"F Mahdavi","year":"2021","unstructured":"F. Mahdavi, H. Zayyani, R. Rajabi, RSS localization using an optimized fusion of two deep neural networks. IEEE Sens. Lett. 5(12), 1\u20134 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSENS.2021.3125911","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"3100_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.09.003","volume":"138","author":"H Mehrabian","year":"2023","unstructured":"H. Mehrabian, R. Ravanmehr, Sensor fusion for indoor positioning system through improved RSSI and PDR methods. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 138, 254\u2013269 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2022.09.003","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"3100_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3417271","volume":"13","author":"S Motie","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Motie, H. Zayyani, M. Salman et al., Self UAV Localization Using Multiple Base Stations Based on TDoA Measurements. IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett. 13(9), 2432\u20132436 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LWC.2024.3417271","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"3100_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113820","volume":"224","author":"IO Nyantakyi","year":"2024","unstructured":"I.O. Nyantakyi, Q. Wan, L. Ni et al., ACGA: Adaptive Conjugate Gradient Algorithm for non-line-of-sight hybrid TDOA-AOA localization. Measurement 224, 113820 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113820","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"7","key":"3100_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12071678","volume":"12","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"F. Wang, H. Tang, J. Chen, Survey on NLOS identification and error mitigation for UWB indoor positioning. Electronics 12(7), 1678\u20131695 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12071678","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"13","key":"3100_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1109\/10.1109\/TSP.2016.2539139","volume":"64","author":"G Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Wang, A.M.C. So, Y. Li, Robust convex approximation methods for TDOA-based localization under NLOS conditions. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 64(13), 3281\u20133296 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/10.1109\/TSP.2016.2539139","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"5","key":"3100_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920081","volume":"6","author":"G Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"G. Wang, W. Zhu, N. Ansari, Robust TDOA-based localization for IoT via joint source position and NLOS error estimation. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(5), 8529\u20138541 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920081","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"3100_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111191","volume":"195","author":"J Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Wei, H. Wang, S. Su et al., NLOS identification using parallel deep learning model and time-frequency information in UWB-based positioning system. Measurement 195, 111191 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111191","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"3100_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2022.3141938","volume":"29","author":"H Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"H. Wu, L. Liang, X. Mei et al., A convex optimization approach for NLOS error mitigation in TOA-based localization. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 29, 677\u2013681 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSP.2022.3141938","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"3100_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-021-01800-y","volume":"40","author":"W Xiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"W. Xiong, C. Schindelhauer, H.C. So et al., Maximum correntropy criterion for robust TOA-based localization in NLOS environments. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 40(12), 6325\u20136339 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-021-01800-y","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"3100_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-022-02270-6","volume":"42","author":"Z Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Z. Xu, H. Li, K. Yang et al., A robust constrained total least squares algorithm for three-dimensional target localization with hybrid TDOA\u2013AOA measurements. Circ. Syst. Signal Process. 42(6), 3412\u20133436 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-022-02270-6","journal-title":"Circ. Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"3100_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3339182","volume":"28","author":"B Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"B. Yuan, R. He, B. Ai et al., UAV-assisted localization based on joint TOA-RSS NLOS identification. IEEE Commun. Lett. 28(1), 63\u201367 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3339182","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"3100_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2024.106229","volume":"156","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"J. Zhang, K. Qian, H. Luo et al., Process monitoring for tower pumping units under variable operational conditions: from an integrated multitasking perspective. Control. Eng. Pract. 156, 106229\u2013106238 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conengprac.2024.106229","journal-title":"Control. Eng. Pract."},{"issue":"8","key":"3100_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10280","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3275791","volume":"38","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. Zhang, J. Tian, A.M. Alcaide et al., Lifetime extension approach based on the Levenberg\u2013Marquardt neural network and power routing of DC\u2013DC converters. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 38(8), 10280\u201310291 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3275791","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"10","key":"3100_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649241230640","volume":"43","author":"W Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"W. Zhao, A. Goudar, X. Qiao et al., UTIL: An ultra-wideband time-difference-of-arrival indoor localization dataset. Int. J. Robot. Res. 43(10), 1443\u20131456 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02783649241230640","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"3100_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3165181","volume":"7","author":"W Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"W. Zhao, A. Goudar, A.P. Schoellig, Finding the right place: Sensor placement for UWB time difference of arrival localization in cluttered indoor environments. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 7(3), 6075\u20136082 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2022.3165181","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"3100_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051403","volume":"20","author":"Y Zou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Zou, H. Liu, An efficient NLOS errors mitigation algorithm for TOA-based localization. Sensors 20(5), 1403\u20131416 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20051403","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03100-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03100-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03100-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T07:41:17Z","timestamp":1752219677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03100-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03100-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-081X","1531-5878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-081X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no Conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}