{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:16:11Z","timestamp":1787843771673,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circuits Syst Signal Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-025-03214-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:17:03Z","timestamp":1750915023000},"page":"8635-8656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Efficient and High Accuracy Approximate Multiplier Design Approach for AI Application"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Faraz","family":"Baraati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad Tanavardi","family":"Nasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0298-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdolah","family":"Amirany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kian","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Ghaderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3214_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tetc.2021.3072666","author":"M Ahmadinejad","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Ahmadinejad, M.H. Moaiyeri, Energy- and quality-efficient approximate multipliers for neural network and image processing applications. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tetc.2021.3072666","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"3214_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.152859","author":"M Ahmadinejad","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. Ahmadinejad, M.H. Moaiyeri, F. Sabetzadeh, Energy and area efficient imprecise compressors for approximate multiplication at nanoscale. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.152859","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"3214_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Amirany, M.H. Moaiyeri, K. Jafari, Bio-inspired nonvolatile and low-cost spin-based 2-bit per cell memory. In: 25th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran, Tehran, Iran (2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/CSICC49403.2020.9050077"},{"key":"3214_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmag.2021.3069161","author":"A Amirany","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Amirany, G. Epperson, A. Patooghy, R. Rajaei, Accuracy adaptive spintronic adder for image processing applications. IEEE Trans. Magn. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmag.2021.3069161","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"3214_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2022.154452","author":"A Amirany","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Amirany, K. Jafari, M.H. Moaiyeri, Highly reliable bio-inspired spintronic\/CNTFET multi-bit per cell nonvolatile memory. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aeue.2022.154452","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"3214_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Amirany, K. Jafari, M.H. Moaiyeri, An investigation of hardware implementation of multi-valued logic using different nanodevices. In: 2023 31st International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), pp. 426\u2013431 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEE59167.2023.10334810"},{"key":"3214_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.09.010","volume":"60","author":"A Arasteh","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Arasteh, M. Hossein Moaiyeri, M. Taheri, K. Navi, N. Bagherzadeh, An energy and area efficient 4:2 compressor based on FinFETs. Integration 60, 224\u2013231 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.09.010","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"3214_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2162-8777\/ac77bb","author":"M BahmanAbadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. BahmanAbadi, A. Amirany, K. Jafari, M.H. Moaiyeri, Efficient and highly reliable spintronic non-volatile quaternary memory based on carbon nanotube FETs and Multi-TMR MTJs. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1149\/2162-8777\/ac77bb","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"3214_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Baraati, M.T. Nasab, R. Ghaderi, K. Jafari, FinFET-based Low-power approximate multiplier for neural network hardware accelerator. In: 2022 Iranian International Conference on Microelectronics (IICM), pp. 17\u201320 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/IICM57986.2022.10152438"},{"key":"3214_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2016.04.006","volume":"53","author":"LT Clark","year":"2016","unstructured":"L.T. Clark, V. Vashishtha, L. Shifren, A. Gujja, S. Sinha, B. Cline, C. Ramamurthy, G. Yeric, ASAP7: a 7-nm finFET predictive process design kit. Microelectron. J. 53, 105\u2013115 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mejo.2016.04.006","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"3214_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.104011","author":"A Fathollahi","year":"2025","unstructured":"A. Fathollahi, A. Amirany, M.H. Moaiyeri, Ternary computing using a novel spintronic multi-operator logic-in-memory architecture. Results Eng. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.104011","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"3214_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2022.102755","author":"SA Ghasemi","year":"2022","unstructured":"S.A. Ghasemi, B. Jahannia, H. Farbeh, GraphA: an efficient ReRAM-based architecture to accelerate large scale graph processing. J. Syst. Arch. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2022.102755","journal-title":"J. Syst. Arch."},{"key":"3214_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60447","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3179112","volume":"10","author":"F-Y Gu","year":"2022","unstructured":"F.-Y. Gu, I.-C. Lin, J.-W. Lin, A Low-power and high-accuracy approximate multiplier with reconfigurable truncation. IEEE Access 10, 60447\u201360458 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2022.3179112","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3214_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203451519","volume-title":"An Introduction to Neural Networks","author":"K Gurney","year":"1997","unstructured":"K. Gurney, An Introduction to Neural Networks (Taylor & Francis Inc, Milton Park, 1997), p.288"},{"issue":"1","key":"3214_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/les.2017.2746084","volume":"10","author":"M Ha","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Ha, S. Lee, Multipliers with approximate 4\u20132 compressors and error recovery modules. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 10(1), 6\u20139 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/les.2017.2746084","journal-title":"IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett."},{"key":"3214_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Hashemi, R.I. Bahar, S. Reda, DRUM: A dynamic range unbiased multiplier for approximate applications. In: 2015 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), pp. 418\u2013425 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2015.7372600"},{"key":"3214_CR17","first-page":"768","volume-title":"Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation","author":"S Haykin","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. Haykin, Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation (Prentice Hall PTR, Hoboken, 1994), p.768"},{"key":"3214_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Imani, A. Amirany, T. El-Ghazawi, Mixture of experts with mixture of precisions for tuning quality of service. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.14417, (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRC64395.2024.10937027"},{"key":"3214_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jetcas.2024.3483554","author":"H Imani","year":"2024","unstructured":"H. Imani, J. Anderson, S. Farid, A. Amirany, T. El-Ghazawi, RLFL: a reinforcement learning aggregation approach for hybrid federated learning systems using full and ternary precision. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jetcas.2024.3483554","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"3214_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-020-01763-1","volume":"107","author":"MKQ Jooq","year":"2021","unstructured":"M.K.Q. Jooq, A. Bozorgmehr, S. Mirzakuchaki, An ultra-miniature broadband operational transconductance amplifier utilizing 10 nm wrap-gate CNTFET technology. Analog Integr. Circ. Sig. Process 107(2), 423\u2013434 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10470-020-01763-1","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circ. Sig. Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"3214_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.2864","volume":"49","author":"M Khaleqi Qaleh Jooq","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Khaleqi Qaleh Jooq, A. Bozorgmehr, S. Mirzakuchaki, A low-power delay stage ring VCO based on wrap-gate CNTFET technology for X-band satellite communication applications. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 49(1), 142\u2013158 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cta.2864","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"3214_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.154598","author":"M Khaleqi Qaleh Jooq","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Khaleqi Qaleh Jooq, F. Behbahani, A. Al-Shidaifat, S.R. Khan, H. Song, A high-performance and ultra-efficient fully programmable fuzzy membership function generator using FinFET technology for image enhancement. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.154598","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"3214_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/Tmag.2022.3233891","volume":"59","author":"F Khodayari","year":"2023","unstructured":"F. Khodayari, A. Amirany, M.H. Moaiyeri, K. Jafari, A variation-aware ternary true random number generator using magnetic tunnel junction at subcritical current regime. IEEE Trans. Magn. 59(3), 1\u20131 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/Tmag.2022.3233891","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"3214_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2023.101602","volume":"87","author":"F Kochakkashani","year":"2023","unstructured":"F. Kochakkashani, V. Kayvanfar, A. Haji, Supply chain planning of vaccine and pharmaceutical clusters under uncertainty: the case of COVID-19. Socioecon. Plann. Sci. 87, 101602 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seps.2023.101602","journal-title":"Socioecon. Plann. Sci."},{"key":"3214_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Koren, Computer Arithmetic Algorithms. (2018)","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315275567"},{"key":"3214_CR26","unstructured":"A. Krizhevsky, G. Hinton, Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images (2009)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3214_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/les.2021.3113005","volume":"14","author":"UA Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"U.A. Kumar, S.K. Chatterjee, S.E. Ahmed, Low-power compressor-based approximate multipliers with error correcting module. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 14(2), 59\u201362 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/les.2021.3113005","journal-title":"IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett."},{"key":"3214_CR28","unstructured":"Y. LeCun, The MNIST database of handwritten digits, ed, (1998)."},{"key":"3214_CR29","unstructured":"Y. LeCun, LeNet-5, convolutional neural networks. 20(5), 14, (2015)"},{"issue":"12","key":"3214_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1109\/tvlsi.2022.3197229","volume":"30","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z. Li, S. Zheng, J. Zhang, Y. Lu, J. Gao, J. Tao, L. Wang, Adaptable approximate multiplier design based on input distribution and polarity. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. VLSI Syst. 30(12), 1813\u20131826 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tvlsi.2022.3197229","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. VLSI Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"3214_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/n-ssc.2006.4785860","volume":"11","author":"GE Moore","year":"2006","unstructured":"G.E. Moore, Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Soc. Newslett. 11(3), 33\u201335 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/n-ssc.2006.4785860","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Soc. Newslett."},{"key":"3214_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2022.3202113","author":"MT Nasab","year":"2022","unstructured":"M.T. Nasab, A. Amirany, M.H. Moaiyeri, K. Jafari, High-performance and robust spintronic\/CNTFET-based binarized neural network hardware accelerator. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETC.2022.3202113","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"3214_CR33","unstructured":"R.B. Palm, Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data. Technical University of Denmark, vol. 5, (2012)."},{"issue":"1","key":"3214_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/tcsii.2020.3004929","volume":"68","author":"H Pei","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Pei, X. Yi, H. Zhou, Y. He, Design of ultra-low power consumption approximate 4\u20132 compressors based on the compensation characteristic. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 68(1), 461\u2013465 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcsii.2020.3004929","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"3214_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Rastegari, V. Ordonez, J. Redmon, A. Farhadi, XNOR-net: imagenet classification using binary convolutional neural networks. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 525\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_32"},{"issue":"4","key":"3214_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1049\/cds2.12160","volume":"17","author":"M Rezaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Rezaei, A. Amirany, M.H. Moaiyeri, K. Jafari, A high-capacity and nonvolatile spintronic associative memory hardware accelerator. Iet Circ Device Syst 17(4), 205\u2013212 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cds2.12160. (in English)","journal-title":"Iet Circ Device Syst"},{"key":"3214_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcsii.2022.3215065","author":"F Sabetzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"F. Sabetzadeh, M.H. Moaiyeri, M. Ahmadinejad, An ultra-efficient approximate multiplier with error compensation for error-resilient applications. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcsii.2022.3215065","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3214_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1109\/tcsi.2023.3242558","volume":"70","author":"L Sayadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"L. Sayadi, S. Timarchi, A. Sheikh-Akbari, Two efficient approximate unsigned multipliers by developing new configuration for approximate 4:2 compressors. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 70(4), 1649\u20131659 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcsi.2023.3242558","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"3214_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06563-2","author":"L Sayadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"L. Sayadi, A. Amirany, M.H. Moaiyeri, S. Timarchi, Balancing precision and efficiency: an approximate multiplier with built-in error compensation for error-resilient applications. J. Supercomput. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06563-2","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"issue":"4","key":"3214_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-023-01870-y","volume":"95","author":"H Shafaghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"H. Shafaghi, M. Kiani, A. Amirany, K. Jafari, M.H. Moaiyeri, A fast and light fingerprint-matching model based on deep learning approaches. J. Signal Process Syst. 95(4), 551\u2013558 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11265-023-01870-y. (in English)","journal-title":"J. Signal Process Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"3214_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-022-02110-7","volume":"41","author":"S Shirkavand Saleh Abad","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Shirkavand Saleh Abad, M.H. Moaiyeri, A hardware- and accuracy-efficient approximate multiplier with error compensation for neural network and image processing applications. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 41(12), 7057\u20137076 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-022-02110-7","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"3214_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.G.M. Strollo, D. De Caro, E. Napoli, N. Petra, G. Di Meo, Low-power approximate multiplier with error recovery using a new approximate 4\u20132 compressor. In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 1\u20134 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS45731.2020.9180767"},{"issue":"6","key":"3214_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1109\/tcsi.2022.3152921","volume":"69","author":"AGM Strollo","year":"2022","unstructured":"A.G.M. Strollo, E. Napoli, D. De Caro, N. Petra, G. Saggese, G. Di Meo, Approximate multipliers using static segmentation: error analysis and improvements. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 69(6), 2449\u20132462 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcsi.2022.3152921","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"3214_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tetc.2021.3096515","author":"H Waris","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Waris, C. Wang, C. Xu, W. Liu, AxRMs: approximate recursive multipliers using high-performance building blocks. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tetc.2021.3096515","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"3214_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/mdat.2015.2505723","volume":"33","author":"Q Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Q. Xu, T. Mytkowicz, N.S. Kim, Approximate computing: a survey. IEEE Design Test 33(1), 8\u201322 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mdat.2015.2505723","journal-title":"IEEE Design Test"},{"key":"3214_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Yang, J. Han, F. Lombardi, Approximate compressors for error-resilient multiplier design. In: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFTS), pp. 183\u2013186 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2015.7315159"},{"issue":"4","key":"3214_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1109\/tsusc.2020.3004980","volume":"6","author":"P Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"P. Yin, C. Wang, H. Waris, W. Liu, Y. Han, F. Lombardi, Design and analysis of energy-efficient dynamic range approximate logarithmic multipliers for machine learning. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput. 6(4), 612\u2013625 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsusc.2020.3004980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"3214_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1109\/tetc.2022.3186240","volume":"10","author":"E Zacharelos","year":"2022","unstructured":"E. Zacharelos, I. Nunziata, G. Saggese, A.G.M. Strollo, E. Napoli, Approximate recursive multipliers using low power building blocks. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. 10(3), 1315\u20131330 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tetc.2022.3186240","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."}],"container-title":["Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03214-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03214-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03214-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T06:14:08Z","timestamp":1761977648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03214-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03214-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-081X","1531-5878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-081X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest exists in the submission of this article, and all the authors approved of the article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}