{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:37:55Z","timestamp":1777106275265,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2807804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circuits Syst Signal Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-025-03380-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:11:38Z","timestamp":1760631098000},"page":"3224-3254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Maximum Likelihood Passive Localization Method Based on Multiple Motion Model Intelligent Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xueli","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linna","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3380_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2876525","volume":"22","author":"R Amiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"R. Amiri, F. Behnia, A. Noroozi, An efficient estimator for TDOA based source localization with minimum number of sensors. IEEE Commun. Lett. 22(12), 2499\u20132502 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2876525","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"3380_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.909342","volume":"56","author":"A Beck","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. Beck, P. Stoica, J. Li, Exact and approximate solutions of source localization problems. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 56(5), 1770\u20131778 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2007.909342","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"3380_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.4805281","volume":"45","author":"A Bishop","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. Bishop, B. Anderson, B. Fidan et al., Bearing only localization using geometrically con strained optimization. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 45(1), 308\u2013320 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAES.2009.4805281","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"3380_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/78.301830","volume":"42","author":"YT Chan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Y.T. Chan, K.C. Ho, A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 42(8), 1905\u20131915 (1994). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/78.301830","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"9","key":"3380_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.03.007","volume":"85","author":"K Dogancay","year":"2005","unstructured":"K. Dogancay, Bearings only target localization using total least squares. Signal Process. 85(9), 1695\u20131710 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.03.007","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"3380_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2399869","volume":"63","author":"K Dogancay","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. Dogancay, 3D pseudolinear target motion analysis from angle measurements. IEEE Trans. actions on Signal Process. 63(6), 1570\u20131580 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2015.2399869","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. actions on Signal Process."},{"issue":"10","key":"3380_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2582924","volume":"28","author":"K Greff","year":"2016","unstructured":"K. Greff, R.K. Srivastava, J. Koutn\u00edk et al., LSTM: A search space odyssey. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 28(10), 2222\u20132232 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2582924","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"3380_CR8","unstructured":"Y. He, G.H. Wang, X. Guan, Information fusion theory with application. Publish house of electronics industry. 2010. (in Chinese)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3380_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397995","volume":"85","author":"MJ Hinich","year":"1989","unstructured":"M.J. Hinich, E.J. Sullivan, Maximum-likelihood passive localization using mode filtering. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85(1), 214\u2013219 (1989). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.397995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"9","key":"3380_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2004.831921","volume":"52","author":"KC Ho","year":"2004","unstructured":"K.C. Ho, Wenwei Xu, an accurate algebraic solution for moving source location using TDOA and FDOA measurements. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 52(9), 2453\u20132463 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2004.831921","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"5","key":"3380_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2187283","volume":"60","author":"KC Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"K.C. Ho, Bias reduction for an explicit solution of source localization using TDOA. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 60(5), 2101\u20132114 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2012.2187283","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"8","key":"3380_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Hochreiter, J. Schmidhuber, Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735\u20131780 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"3380_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.09.011","volume":"143","author":"T Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. Jia, H. Wang, X. Shen et al., Target localization based on structured total least squares with hybrid TDOA-AOA measurements. Signal Process. 143, 211\u2013221 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.09.011","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"3380_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.28991\/HIJ-2024-05-03-04","volume":"5","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Jiang, X. Pang, Z. Zhang et al., Integrating intelligent sensors for safe UAV distribution: design and evaluation of ranging system. High Tech. Innov. J. 5(3), 603\u2013613 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/HIJ-2024-05-03-04","journal-title":"High Tech. Innov. J."},{"issue":"21","key":"3380_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9893","DOI":"10.3390\/app14219893","volume":"14","author":"A Joshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"A. Joshi, J.P. Hickey, Deep learning-based low-frequency passive acoustic source localization. Appl. Sci. 14(21), 9893 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14219893","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"3380_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3266362","volume":"20","author":"YC Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y.C. Li, W.B. Yu, X.P. Guan, Hybrid TOA-AOA cooperative localization for multiple AUVs in the absence of anchors. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 20(2), 2420\u20132431 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2023.3266362","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"issue":"3","key":"3380_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.12395\/0371-0025.2022188","volume":"49","author":"GL Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"G.L. Liang, B.Y. Zhang, B. Qi et al., Underwater multitarget fusion tracking method for passive sonar. Acta Acust. 49(3), 501\u2013512 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12395\/0371-0025.2022188","journal-title":"Acta Acust."},{"issue":"11","key":"3380_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-024-02688-0","volume":"43","author":"W Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"W. Liu, H. Pan, Y. Liu, A particle filter algorithm based on multi-feature compound model for sound source tracking in reverberant and noisy environments. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 43(11), 7020\u20137043 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-024-02688-0","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"3380_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11040861","volume":"11","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Liu, Y.M. Wang, C. Chen, Efficient underwater acoustical localization method based on TDOA with sensor position errors. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 11(4), 861 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse11040861","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"3380_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.28991\/HIJ-2024-05-04-012","volume":"5","author":"SC Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"S.C. Lu, C.Y. Guo, Improving sensing measurements using laser self-mixing interference in non-line-of-sight optical communication via systems. High Tech. Innov. J. 5(4), 1038\u20131054 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/HIJ-2024-05-04-012","journal-title":"High Tech. Innov. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"3380_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12122300","volume":"12","author":"XH Mei","year":"2024","unstructured":"X.H. Mei, Bearing-only multi-target localization incorporating waveguide characteristics for low detection rate scenarios in shallow water. J Mar. Sci. Eng. 12(12), 2300 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse12122300","journal-title":"J Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"16","key":"3380_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2566611","volume":"64","author":"NH Nguyen","year":"2016","unstructured":"N.H. Nguyen, K. Dogancay, Optimal geometry analysis for multi-static TOA localization. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 64(16), 4180\u20134193 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2016.2566611","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"8","key":"3380_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/tee.23179","volume":"15","author":"G Niu","year":"2020","unstructured":"G. Niu, J. Gao, T. Du, Passive localization algorithm for remote multitarget localization information. IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng. 15(8), 1183\u20131187 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tee.23179","journal-title":"IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"3380_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. Pan, Y. Gao, Y. Gao et al, AI-driven wireless positioning: fundamentals, standards, state-of-the-art, and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.14970 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2501.14970","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.14970"},{"issue":"7","key":"3380_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-020-01624-2","volume":"40","author":"F Pang","year":"2021","unstructured":"F. Pang, X. Wen, A novel closed-form estimator for AOA target localization without prior knowledge of noise variances. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 40(7), 3573\u20133591 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-020-01624-2","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"7","key":"3380_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12071533","volume":"12","author":"C Sandamini","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Sandamini, M.W.P. Maduranga, V. Tilwari et al., A review of indoor positioning systems for UAV localization with machine learning algorithms. Electronics 12(7), 1533 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12071533","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3380_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.28991\/ESJ-2024-08-01-018","volume":"8","author":"S Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Singh, J. Rosak-Szyrocka, B. Luk\u00e0cs, Design and analysis of a bandwidth aware adaptive multipath n-channel routing protocol for 5g internet of things. Emerg. Sci. J. 8(1), 251\u2013269 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/ESJ-2024-08-01-018","journal-title":"Emerg. Sci. J."},{"key":"3380_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D.J. Sun, X.Y. Fu, T.T. Teng, A two-step network assisted by direction-finding error underwater acoustic bearings-only localization method. ACTA ACUSTICA. 48(2), 291-302 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15949\/j.cnki.0371-0025.2023.02.014","DOI":"10.15949\/j.cnki.0371-0025.2023.02.014"},{"key":"3380_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Vaswani, N. Shazeer, N. Parmar et al, Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems. 30 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762"},{"issue":"10","key":"3380_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2508501","volume":"65","author":"G Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Wang, S. Cai, Y. Li et al., A bias-reduced nonlinear WLS method for TDOA\/FDOA based source localization. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(10), 8603\u20138615 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2015.2508501","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"3380_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6524","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2456057","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y. Wang, K.C. Ho, An asymptotically efficient estimator in closed form for 3D AOA localization using a sensor network. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 14(12), 6524\u20136535 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TWC.2015.2456057","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"3380_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2025.110623","volume":"233","author":"K Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"K. Yang, T. Zhou, J. Hui et al., Passive acoustic bearing estimation of underwater gas leak using single vector hydrophone. Appl. Acoust. 233, 110623 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apacoust.2025.110623","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"issue":"1","key":"3380_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2015.2505138","volume":"23","author":"J Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Yin, Q. Wan, S. Yang et al., A simple and accurate TDOA-AOA localization method using two stations. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 23(1), 144\u2013148 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSP.2015.2505138","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"3380_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-022-02065-9","volume":"41","author":"K Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. Yin, Y. Dai, C. Gao, A music-based algorithm for localization of hybrid near-field and far-field sources. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 41(11), 6547\u20136559 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-022-02065-9","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"3380_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.102611.110728","volume":"11","author":"H Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"H. Yu, G. Huang, J. Gao et al., An efficient constrained weighted least squares algorithm for moving source location using TDOA and FDOA measurements. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 11(1), 4447 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TWC.2011.102611.110728","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"3380_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-025-03169-8","volume":"44","author":"G Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"G. Zhang, L. Geng, F. Xie et al., Localization of multiple sound sources based on deep learning using a microphone array and acoustic images. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 44, 7842\u20137872 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03169-8","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03380-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03380-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03380-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:53:45Z","timestamp":1777103625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03380-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00034-025-03380-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-081X","1531-5878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-081X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"competing Interests"}}]}}