{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:27:07Z","timestamp":1768739227316,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machine Vision and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-018-0976-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T13:09:09Z","timestamp":1537448949000},"page":"177-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Age estimation in facial images through transfer learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Dornaika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Arganda-Carreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Belver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"976_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.244","volume":"28","author":"T Ahonen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahonen, T., Hadid, A., Pietikainen, M.: Face description with local binary patterns: application to face recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(12), 2037\u20132041 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"976_CR2","unstructured":"Bekhouche, S., Ouafi, A., Taleb-Ahmed, A., Hadid, A., Benlamoudi, A.: Facial age estimation using BSIF and LBP. In: International Conference on Electrical Engineering (2014)"},{"key":"976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.03.010","volume":"46","author":"M Bereta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bereta, M., Karczmarek, P., Pedrycz, W., Reformat, M.: Local descriptors in application to the aging problem in face recognition. Pattern Recognit. 46, 2634\u20132646 (2013)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, K.Y., Chen, C.S., Hung, Y.P.: Ordinal hyperplanes ranker with cost sensitivities for age estimation. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 585\u2013592 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995437"},{"key":"976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatfield, K., Simonyan, K., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Return of the devil in the details: delving deep into convolutional nets. In: British Machine Vision Conference (2014)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.28.6"},{"key":"976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.E., Lee, Y.J., Lee, S.J., Park, K.R., Kim, J.: A comparative study of local feature extraction for age estimation. In: International Conference on Control Automation Robotics Vision, pp. 1280\u20131284 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2010.5707432"},{"issue":"6","key":"976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467","volume":"23","author":"TF Cootes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 681\u2013685 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"976_CR8","unstructured":"Dalal, N., Triggs, B.: Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2005)"},{"issue":"3","key":"976_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7439(93)85002-X","volume":"18","author":"S Jong de","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Jong, S.: Simpls: an alternative approach to partial least squares regression. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 18(3), 251\u2013263 (1993)","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"976_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escalera, S., Torres, M., Martinez, B., Bar\u00f3, X., Escalante, H.J., et\u00a0al.: Chalearn looking at people and faces of the world: face analysis workshop and challenge 2016. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.93"},{"key":"976_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, C., Huerta, I., Prati, A.: A comparative evaluation of regression learning algorithms for facial age estimation. In: FFER in Conjunction with IEEE Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13737-7_12"},{"issue":"4","key":"976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2008.921847","volume":"10","author":"Y Fu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Huang, T.S.: Human age estimation with regression on discriminative aging manifold. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 10(4), 578\u2013584 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"issue":"10","key":"976_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.51","volume":"35","author":"X Geng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geng, X., Yin, C., Zhou, Z.H.: Facial age estimation by learning from label distributions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35(10), 2401\u20132412 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"12","key":"976_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70733","volume":"29","author":"X Geng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Geng, X., Zhou, Z.H., Smith-Miles, K.: Automatic age estimation based on facial aging patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(12), 2234\u20132240 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"976_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunay, A., Nabiyev, V.V.: Automatic detection of anthropometric features from facial images. In: 2007 IEEE 15th Signal Processing and Communications Applications, pp. 1\u20134 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/SIU.2007.4298656"},{"key":"976_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay, A., Nabiyev, V.V.: Age estimation based on hybrid features of facial images. In: Information Sciences and Systems 2015: 30th International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (ISCIS 2015), pp. 295\u2013304. Springer, Cham (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22635-4_27"},{"key":"976_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, G., Mu, G.: Simultaneous dimensionality reduction and human age estimation via kernel partial least squares regression. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 657\u2013664 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995404"},{"key":"976_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, G., Mu, G.: Joint estimation of age, gender and ethnicity: CCA vs. PLS. In: IEEE International Conference and Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 1\u20136 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553737"},{"issue":"10","key":"976_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.04.011","volume":"32","author":"G Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, G., Mu, G.: A framework for joint estimation of age, gender and ethnicity on a large database. Image Vis. Comput. 32(10), 761\u2013770 (2014)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"976_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, G., Mu, G., Fu, Y., Huang, T.S.: Human age estimation using bio-inspired features. In: Computer Vision Pattern Recognition (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206681"},{"key":"976_CR21","unstructured":"Han, H., Jain, A.K.: Age, gender and race estimation from unconstrained face images. Technical Report MSU-CSE-14-5, Department of Computer Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (2014)"},{"issue":"6","key":"976_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2362759","volume":"37","author":"H Han","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han, H., Otto, C., Liu, X., Jain, A.K.: Demographic estimation from face images: human vs. machine performance. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37(6), 1148\u20131161 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"976_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.06.006","volume":"68","author":"I Huerta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huerta, I., Fernandez, C., Segura, C., Hernando, J., Prati, A.: A deep analysis on age estimation. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 68(2), 239\u2013249 (2015)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"976_CR24","unstructured":"Kannala, J., Rahtu, E.: BSIF: binarized statistical image features. In: 2012 21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 1363\u20131366 (2012)"},{"key":"976_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, V., Sullivan, J.: One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1867\u20131874 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"},{"key":"976_CR26","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.H., da\u00a0Vitoria\u00a0Lobo, N.: Age classification from facial images. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 762\u2013767 (1994)"},{"key":"976_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi, G., Hassncer, T.: Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks. In: 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 34\u201342 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301352"},{"key":"976_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu, K., Seshadri, K., Savvides, M., Bui, T.D., Suen, C.Y.: Contourlet appearance model for facial age estimation. In: 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), pp. 1\u20138 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117601"},{"issue":"10","key":"976_CR29","first-page":"518","volume":"23","author":"A Martin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martin, A.: A comparison of nine pls1 algorithms. J. Chemom. 23(10), 518\u2013529 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"issue":"4","key":"976_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206543","volume":"36","author":"M Minear","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minear, M., Park, D.C.: A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 36(4), 630\u2013633 (2004)","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"issue":"9","key":"976_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21898","DOI":"10.3390\/s150921898","volume":"15","author":"DT Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.T., Cho, S.R., Pham, T.D., Park, K.R.: Human age estimation method robust to camera sensor and\/or face movement. Sensors 15(9), 21898\u201321930 (2015)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"976_CR32","first-page":"15","volume":"2014","author":"DT Nguyen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.T., Cho, S.R., Shin, K.Y., Bang, J.W., Park, K.R.: Comparative study of human age estimation with or without pre-classification of gender and facial expression. Sci. World J. 2014, 15 (2014)","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"976_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkhi, O.M., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Deep face recognition. In: British Machine Vision Conference, vol.\u00a01, p. 6 (2015)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.41"},{"key":"976_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjan, R., Zhou, S., Chen, J.C., Kumar, A., Alavi, A., Patel, V.M., Chellappa, R.: Unconstrained age estimation with deep convolutional neural networks. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW), pp. 351\u2013359 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.54"},{"key":"976_CR35","unstructured":"Ricanek, K., Tesafaye, T.: MORPH: a longitudinal image database of normal adult age-progression. In: 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2006, pp. 341\u2013345. FGR 2006 (2006)"},{"key":"976_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosipal, R., Kramer, N.: Overview and recent advances in partial least squares. In: Subspace, Latent Structure and Feature Selection Techniques, pp. 34\u201351. Springer (2006)","DOI":"10.1007\/11752790_2"},{"key":"976_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothe, R., Timofte, R., Gool, L.V.: DEX: deep expectation of apparent age from a single image. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW) (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.41"},{"key":"976_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0940-3","volume":"126","author":"R Rothe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rothe, R., Timofte, R., Gool, L.V.: Deep expectation of real and apparent age from a single image without facial landmarks. Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV) 126, 144\u2013157 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis. (IJCV)"},{"key":"976_CR39","unstructured":"Shen, W., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, K., Wang, B., Yuille, A.: Deep regression forests for age estimation (2017). \n                    https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1712.07195.pdf"},{"key":"976_CR40","unstructured":"Shen, W., Zhao, K., Guo, Y., Yuille, A.: Label distribution learning forests. In: NIPS (2017)"},{"key":"976_CR41","unstructured":"Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition (2014). arXiv preprint \n                    arXiv:1409.1556"},{"key":"976_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Guo, R., Kambhamettu, C.: Deeply-learned feature for age estimation. In: IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2015.77"},{"key":"976_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, L., Li, C., Cheng, C.: Quantifying facial age by posterior of age comparisons. In: BMVC (2017)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.31.108"}],"container-title":["Machine Vision and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00138-018-0976-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00138-018-0976-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00138-018-0976-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T19:04:50Z","timestamp":1568919890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00138-018-0976-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00138-018-0976-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-8092","1432-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-8092","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}