{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:43:00Z","timestamp":1776109380966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480377600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI & Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-016-0684-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T10:16:42Z","timestamp":1480414602000},"page":"499-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Nudging for good: robots and the ethical appropriateness of nurturing empathy and charitable behavior"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Borenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Arkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"684_CR34","unstructured":"ABC News (2007) Parents: cyber bullying led to teen\u2019s suicide. \n                        http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/GMA\/story?id=3882520&page=1\n                        \n                    . Accessed 6 May 2016"},{"key":"684_CR1","unstructured":"Alba A (2015) Mattel\u2019s talking Hello Barbie doll raises concern over children\u2019s privacy. New York Daily News. \n                        http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/news\/national\/mattel-barbie-raises-concern-children-privacy-article-1.2151019\n                        \n                    . Accessed 19 May 2016"},{"key":"684_CR2","unstructured":"Arkin R (2014a) Theory of mind models for robotic mediation of stigma in patient-caregiver relationships. In: 2014 conference of the international association for computing and philosophy (IACAP 2014). Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"key":"684_CR3","unstructured":"Arkin RC (2014b) Ameliorating patient-caregiver stigma in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s Disease using robot co-mediators. In: Proceedings of the AISB 50 symposium on machine ethics in the context of medical and health care agents. London, UK"},{"key":"684_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00375-5","volume":"42","author":"R Arkin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arkin R, Fujita M, Takagi T, Hasegawa R (2003) An ethological and emotional basis for human\u2013robot interaction. Robot Auton Syst 42:191\u2013201","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2007.11.007","volume":"9","author":"MR Banks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Banks MR, Willoughby LM, Banks WA (2008) Animal-assisted therapy and loneliness in nursing homes: use of robotic versus living dogs. J Am Med Dir Assoc 9(3):173\u2013177","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"684_CR6","unstructured":"Bloom P (2015) The dark side of empathy. The Atlantic. \n                        http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2015\/09\/the-violence-of-empathy\/407155\/\n                        \n                    . Accessed 20 June 2016"},{"issue":"6289","key":"684_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1126\/science.352.6289.1042","volume":"352","author":"J Bohannon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bohannon J (2016) Government \u2018nudges\u2019 prove their worth. Science 352(6289):1042","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9636-2","volume":"22","author":"J Borenstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borenstein J, Arkin R (2016) Robotic nudges: the ethics of engineering a more socially just human being. Sci Eng Ethics 22(1):31\u201346","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-006-9005-8","volume":"22","author":"A Brooks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brooks A, Arkin RC (2007) Behavioral overlays for non-verbal communication expression on a humanoid robot. Auton Robots 22(1):55\u201375","journal-title":"Auton Robots"},{"key":"684_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199539956.003.0012","volume-title":"Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives","author":"N Carroll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carroll N (2011) On some affective relations between audiences and the characters in popular fictions. In: Coplan A, Goldie P (eds) Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 162\u2013184"},{"key":"684_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang W-L, Sabanovic S (2015) Studying assistive robots in their organizational context: studies with PARO in a nursing home. In: HRI\u201915 extended abstracts proceedings of the tenth annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction extended abstracts, pp 227\u2013228","DOI":"10.1145\/2701973.2702722"},{"key":"684_CR12","volume-title":"Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coplan A, Goldie P (eds) (2011) Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR13","first-page":"39","volume":"15","author":"N Dolby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dolby N (2014) The future of empathy: teaching the millennial generation. J Coll Charact 15(1):39\u201344","journal-title":"J Coll Charact"},{"key":"684_CR14","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Community in the digital age: philosophy and practice","author":"H Dreyfus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dreyfus H (2004) Nihilism on the information highway: anonymity versus commitment in the present age. In: Feenberg A, Barney D (eds) Community in the digital age: philosophy and practice. Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, pp 69\u201381"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.11.020","volume":"190","author":"N Endenburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Endenburg N, van Lith HA (2011) The influence of animals on the development of children. Vet J 190(2):208\u2013214","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"684_CR16","unstructured":"Eyal N, Hoover R (2013) Hooked: how to build habit-forming products. Nir Eyal"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2016.2516139","volume":"5","author":"J Ferenbok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferenbok J, Mann S, Michael K (2016) The changing ethics of mediated looking. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 5(2):94\u2013102","journal-title":"IEEE Consum Electron Mag"},{"key":"684_CR18","volume-title":"Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do","author":"BJ Fogg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fogg BJ (2003) Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do. Morgan Kaufman, San Francisco"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0205-z","volume":"6","author":"J Ham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ham J, Midden C (2013) A persuasive robot to stimulate energy conservation: the influence of positive and negative social feedback and task similarity on energy consumption behavior. Int J Soc Robot 6(2):163\u2013171","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"684_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21548-8_4","volume-title":"A construction manual for robots\u2019 ethical systems","author":"J Ham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ham J, Spahn A (2015) Shall i show you some other shirts too? The psychology and ethics of persuasive robots. In: Trappl R (ed) A construction manual for robots\u2019 ethical systems. Springer, Basel, pp 63\u201381"},{"key":"684_CR21","unstructured":"Harris T (2016) How technology hijacks people\u2019s minds\u200a\u2014\u200afrom a magician and Google\u2019s design ethicist. \n                        http:\/\/www.tristanharris.com\/2016\/05\/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8afrom-a-magician-and-googles-design-ethicist\/\n                        \n                    . Accessed 12 June 2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2009.00351.x","volume":"18","author":"DM Hausman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hausman DM, Welch B (2010) Debate: to nudge or not to nudge. J Polit Philos 18(1):123\u2013136","journal-title":"J Polit Philos"},{"key":"684_CR23","unstructured":"Hern A (2016) Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Microsoft sign EU hate speech code. The Guardian. \n                        https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/may\/31\/facebook-youtube-twitter-microsoft-eu-hate-speech-code\n                        \n                    . Accessed 31 May 2016"},{"key":"684_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman G, Zuckerman O, Hirschberger G, Luria M, Shani Sherman T (2015). Design and evaluation of a peripheral robotic conversation companion. In: Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction, pp 3\u201310","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696495"},{"key":"684_CR25","unstructured":"Hornyak T (2014) An AI milestone: chatbot passes turing test by posing as 13-year-old boy. PCWorld. \n                        http:\/\/www.pcworld.com\/article\/2361220\/computer-said-to-pass-turing-test-by-posing-as-a-teenager.html\n                        \n                    . Accessed 12 May 2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868310377395","volume":"15","author":"S Konrath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Konrath S, O\u2019Brien E, Hsing C (2011) Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: a meta-analysis. Personal Soc Psychol Rev 15(2):180\u2013198","journal-title":"Personal Soc Psychol Rev"},{"key":"684_CR27","unstructured":"Kosner AW (2014) Hooked: How to make habit-forming products, and when to stop flapping. Forbes. \n                        http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/anthonykosner\/2014\/02\/17\/hooked-how-to-make-habit-forming-products-and-when-to-stop-flapping\n                        \n                    . Accessed 12 June 2016"},{"key":"684_CR28","unstructured":"Levy D (2007) Love and sex with robots. Harper Perennial"},{"key":"684_CR29","volume-title":"Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin P, Abney K, Bekey GA (eds) (2014) Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics. The MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"684_CR30","unstructured":"Masunaga S (2016) Here are some of the tweets that got Microsoft\u2019s AI Tay in trouble. Los Angeles Times. \n                        http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/technology\/la-fi-tn-microsoft-tay-tweets-20160325-htmlstory.html\n                        \n                    . Accessed 6 June 2016"},{"key":"684_CR31","unstructured":"Mettler K (2016) Gen Con, major gaming convention, has more female than male speakers for the first time ever, making some gamers grumpy. The Washington Post. \n                        https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2016\/05\/18\/gen-con-major-gaming-convention-has-more-female-than-male-speakers-for-the-first-time-ever-and-some-gamers-arent-happy-about-it\/\n                        \n                    . Accessed 18 May 2016"},{"key":"684_CR32","unstructured":"Moshkina L (2011) An integrative framework of time-varying affective robotic behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology"},{"key":"684_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshkina L, Arkin RC (2005) Human perspective on affective robotic behavior: a longitudinal study. In: Proceedings of IROS-2005. Calgary, Canada","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2005.1545343"},{"key":"684_CR35","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Technological visions: the hopes and fears that shape new technologies","author":"DE Nye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nye DE (2004) Technological prediction: a Promethean problem. In: Sturken M, Thomas D, Ball-Rokeach SJ (eds) Technological visions: the hopes and fears that shape new technologies. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, pp 159\u2013176"},{"key":"684_CR36","unstructured":"Orwell G (1950) 1984. Penguin Publishing Group"},{"key":"684_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S, Moshkina L, Arkin RC (2010) Mood as an affective component for robotic behavior with continuous adaptation via learning momentum. In: Proceedings of 10th IEEE-RAS international conference on humanoid robots (Humanoids 2010). Nashville, TN","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHR.2010.5686845"},{"key":"684_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettinati M, Arkin RC (2015) Towards a robot computational model to preserve dignity in stigmatizing patient\u2013caregiver relationships. In: 2015 international conference on social robotics (ICSR 2015). Paris, France","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25554-5_53"},{"key":"684_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199539956.003.0014","volume-title":"Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives","author":"JJ Prinz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prinz JJ (2011) Is empathy necessary for morality? In: Coplan A, Goldie P (eds) Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 211\u2013229"},{"key":"684_CR40","volume-title":"The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places","author":"B Reeves","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reeves B, Nass C (1996) The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, New York"},{"key":"684_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071811-150036","volume":"14","author":"B Scasselati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scasselati B, Admoni H, Mataric MJ (2012) Robots for use in autism research. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 14:275\u2013294","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"684_CR42","unstructured":"Shim J, Arkin RC (2015) An intervening ethical governor for a robot mediator in patient-caregiver relationships. In: International conference on robot ethics (ICRE 2015). Lisbon, Portugal"},{"key":"684_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0260-0","volume":"7","author":"A Stephan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stephan A (2015) Empathy for artificial agents. Int J Soc Robot 7:111\u2013116","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"684_CR44","unstructured":"Stueber K (2014) Empathy. In: Zalta EN (ed) Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. \n                        http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2014\/entries\/empathy\/\n                        \n                    . Accessed 1 June 2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012533230821","volume":"29","author":"K Swick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Swick K (2001) Nurturing decency through caring and serving during the early childhood years. Early Child Educ J 29(2):131\u2013137","journal-title":"Early Child Educ J"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-005-0022-6","volume":"33","author":"K Swick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swick K (2005) Preventing violence through empathy development in families. Early Child Educ J 33(1):53\u201359","journal-title":"Early Child Educ J"},{"key":"684_CR47","volume-title":"Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness","author":"RH Thaler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thaler RH, Sunstein CR (2008) Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press, New Haven"},{"key":"684_CR48","unstructured":"Thomas F, Johnston O (1981) The illusion of life: Disney animation. hyperion"},{"key":"684_CR49","volume-title":"Life on the screen: identity in the age of the internet","author":"S Turkle","year":"1995","unstructured":"Turkle S (1995) Life on the screen: identity in the age of the internet. Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, New York"},{"key":"684_CR50","volume-title":"Relational artifacts\/children\/elders: the complexities of cybercompanions","author":"S Turkle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Turkle S (2005) Relational artifacts\/children\/elders: the complexities of cybercompanions. Cognitive Science Society, Stresa"},{"key":"684_CR51","volume-title":"Alone together: why we expect more from technology and less from each other","author":"S Turkle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turkle S (2011) Alone together: why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"684_CR52","volume-title":"Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age","author":"S Turkle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turkle S (2015) Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age. Penguin Press, London"},{"key":"684_CR53","unstructured":"Vinik D (2015) Obama\u2019s effort to \u2018nudge\u2019 America. Politico. \n                        http:\/\/www.politico.com\/agenda\/story\/2015\/10\/obamas-effort-to-nudge-america-000276\n                        \n                    . Accessed 1 July 2016"},{"key":"684_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195374049.001.0001","volume-title":"Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong","author":"W Wallach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wallach W, Allen C (2009) Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong. Oxford University Press Inc, New York"},{"key":"684_CR55","unstructured":"Weigel M (2016) Flirting with humanity: the search for an artificial intelligence smart enough to love. New Republic. \n                        https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/133034\/flirting-humanity\n                        \n                    . Accessed 19 May 2016"},{"key":"684_CR56","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics","author":"B Whitby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whitby B (2012) Do you want a robot lover? The ethics of caring technologies. In: Lin P, Abney K, Bekey GA (eds) Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 233\u2013248"},{"key":"684_CR57","unstructured":"White House (2015) Executive order\u2014using behavioral science insights to better serve the American people. \n                        https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2015\/09\/15\/executive-order-using-behavioral-science-insights-better-serve-american\n                        \n                    . Accessed 1 July 2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410030022004","volume":"153","author":"W Zinn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zinn W (1993) The empathic physician. Arch Intern Med 153(3):306\u2013312","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"684_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuckerman O, Hoffman G (2015) Empathy objects: Robotic devices as conversation companions. In: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction, pp 593\u2013598","DOI":"10.1145\/2677199.2688805"}],"container-title":["AI & SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-016-0684-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-016-0684-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-016-0684-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T07:32:25Z","timestamp":1507275145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-016-0684-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-016-0684-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]}}}