{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T16:25:50Z","timestamp":1769271950834,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article studies perceptual differences of three social robots by elementary school children of ages 6\u201313\u00a0years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009107) at research fairs. The autonomous humanoid robot <jats:italic>Pepper<\/jats:italic>, an advanced social robot primarily designed as a personal assistant with movement and mobility, is compared to the teleoperated <jats:italic>AV1<\/jats:italic> robot\u2014designed to help elementary school children who cannot attend school to have a telepresence through the robot\u2014and the flowerpot robot <jats:italic>Tessa<\/jats:italic>, used in the eWare system as an avatar for a home sensor system and dedicated to people with dementia living alone. These three robots were shown at the Norwegian national research fair, held in every major Norwegian city annually, where children were able to interact with the robots. Our analysis is based on quantitative survey data of the school children concerning the robots and qualitative discussions with them. By comparing three different types of social robots, we found that presence can be differently understood and conceptualized with different robots, especially relating to their function and \u201caliveness.\u201d Additionally, we found a strong difference when relating robots to personal relations to one\u2019s own grandparents versus older adults in general. We found children\u2019s perceptions of robots to be relatively positive, curious and exploratory and that they were quite reflective on their own grandparent having a robot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-00998-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T21:02:42Z","timestamp":1591304562000},"page":"205-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Children\u2019s perceptions of social robots: a study of the robots Pepper, AV1 and Tessa at Norwegian research fairs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6800-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger Andre","family":"S\u00f8raa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pernille S\u00f8derholm","family":"Nyvoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karoline Blix","family":"Gr\u00f8nvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J Artur","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaltonen I, Arvola A, Heikkil\u00e4 P, Lammi H (2017) Hello Pepper, may i tickle you?: children\u2019s and adults\u2019 responses to an Entertainment Robot at a Shopping Mall. In Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (pp. 53\u201354). ACM. doi: 10.1145\/3029798.3038362","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038362"},{"key":"998_CR2","unstructured":"Aldebran documentation (2020). Pepper\u2014Development guide. https:\/\/doc.aldebaran.com\/2-4\/family\/pepper_technical\/index_dev_pepper.html Accessed 2 Jan 2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","volume":"1","author":"C Bartneck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartneck C, Kuli\u0107 D, Croft E, Zoghbi S (2009) Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots. Int J Soc Robot 1(1):71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"21","key":"998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5954","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954","volume":"3","author":"T Belpaeme","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belpaeme T, Kennedy J, Ramachandran A, Scassellati B, Tanaka F (2018) Social robotics for education: a review. Sci Robots 3(21):5954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954","journal-title":"Sci Robots"},{"key":"998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.187484","volume":"95","author":"B Bennett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bennett B, MacDonald F, Beattie E, Carney T, Freckelton I, White B, Willmott L (2017) Assistive technologies for people with dementia: ethical considerations. Bull World Health Organ 95:749\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.16.187484","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"998_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00373-1","volume":"42","author":"C Breazeal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Breazeal C (2003) Toward sociable robots. Robot Auton Syst 42(3\u20134):167\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00373-1","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"key":"998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2376.001.0001","volume-title":"Designing sociable robots","author":"CL Breazeal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Breazeal CL (2004) Designing sociable robots. MIT press, Cambridge"},{"key":"998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-018-0339-x","author":"I Brinck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brinck I, Balkenius C (2018) Mutual recognition in human-robot interaction: a deflationary account. Philos Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-018-0339-x","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0b013e3181cf569b","volume":"89","author":"SW Brose","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brose SW, Weber DJ, Salatin BA, Grindle GG, Wang H, Vazquez JJ, Cooper RA (2010) The role of assistive robotics in the lives of persons with disability. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89(6):509\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/phm.0b013e3181cf569b","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0202-2","volume":"5","author":"JJ Cabibihan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cabibihan JJ, Javed H, Ang M, Aljunied SM (2013) Why robots? A survey on the roles and benefits of social robots in the therapy of children with autism. Int J Soc Robot 5(4):593\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-013-0202-2","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi JJ, Kim Y, Kwak SS (2014) The autonomy levels and the human intervention levels of robots: The impact of robot types in human-robot interaction. In The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (pp. 1069\u20131074). IEEE. doi: 10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926394","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926394"},{"key":"998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dautenhahn K, Woods S, Kaouri C, Walters ML, Koay KL, Werry I (2005) What is a robot companion-friend, assistant or butler?. In 2005 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (pp. 1192\u20131197). IEEE. doi: 10.1109\/IROS.2005.1545189","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2005.1545189"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"998_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00372-X","volume":"42","author":"T Fong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fong T, Nourbakhsh I, Dautenhahn K (2003) A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot Auton Syst 42(3\u20134):143\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00372-X","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0225-8","volume":"6","author":"S Frennert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frennert S, \u00d6stlund B (2014) Seven matters of concern of social robots and older people. Int J Soc Robot 6(2):299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-013-0225-8","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0107-58","volume":"296","author":"B Gates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gates B (2007) A robot in every home. Sci Am 296(1):58\u201365","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-018-0306-6","volume":"32","author":"RA Jones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jones RA (2019) Concerning the apperception of robot-assisted childcare. Philos Technol 32(3):445\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-018-0306-6","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.9790\/0661-1437988","volume":"14","author":"P Kalaiselvi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalaiselvi P, Nithya S (2013) Face recognition system unver varying lighting conditions. ISOR J Comput Eng 14(3):79\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/0661-1437988","journal-title":"ISOR J Comput Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1645-2","volume":"43","author":"ES Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim ES, Berkovits LD, Bernier EP, Leyzberg D, Shic F, Paul R, Scassellati B (2013) Social robots as embedded reinforcers of social behavior in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 43(5):1038\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1645-2","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"998_CR19","unstructured":"KPMG (2016) Social robots: 2016\u2019s new breed of social robots is ready to enter your world. https:\/\/assets.kpmg\/content\/dam\/kpmg\/pdf\/2016\/06\/social-robots.pdf Accessed 2 Jan 2020."},{"key":"998_CR20","unstructured":"Krosnick JA, Presser S (2010) Questionnaire design In: JD Wright and PV Marsden. Handbook of Survey Research, pp. 263\u2013313."},{"key":"998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lafaye J, Gouaillier D, Wieber PB (2014) Linear model predictive control of the locomotion of Pepper, a humanoid robot with omnidirectional wheels. In Humanoid Robots (Humanoids), 2014 14th IEEE-RAS International Conference on (pp. 336\u2013341). IEEE. doi: 10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2014.7041381","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2014.7041381"},{"key":"998_CR22","unstructured":"Mori M (2012) The Uncanny Valley: the original essay by Masahiro Mori. IEEE spectrum. https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/automaton\/robotics\/humanoids\/the-uncanny-valley. Accessed 8 Dec 2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"998_CR23","first-page":"33","volume":"7","author":"M Mori","year":"1970","unstructured":"Mori M (1970) \u4e0d\u6c17\u5473\u306e\u8c37\u73fe\u8c61 (On the Uncanny Valley). Enerugi 7(4):33\u201335","journal-title":"Enerugi"},{"key":"998_CR24","unstructured":"No Isolation. https:\/\/www.noisolation.com\/global\/. Accessed 6 Dec 2019."},{"key":"998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomura T, Nakazawa T (2017) Gender difference in expectations for domestic robots. In International conference on social robotics (pp. 423\u2013431). Springer, Cham.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70022-9_42"},{"key":"998_CR26","unstructured":"NOU (2012). Trygg hjemme\u2014Brannsikkerhet for utsatte grupper. https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/no\/dokumenter\/nou-2012-4\/id670699\/sec6. Accessed 6 Jan 2020."},{"key":"998_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-017-0450-7","volume":"10","author":"M Obaid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Obaid M, Baykal GE, Tanya\u00e7 AE, Barendregt W (2018) Developing a prototyping method for involving children in the design of classroom robots. Int J Soc Robot 10:279\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-017-0450-7","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alter.2009.01.003","volume":"3","author":"J Pols","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pols J, Moser I (2009) Cold technologies versus warm care? On affective and social relations with and through care technologies. ALTER Eur J Disabil 3(2):159\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alter.2009.01.003","journal-title":"ALTER Eur J Disabil"},{"key":"998_CR29","unstructured":"Project eWare. Early warning (by lifestyle monitoring) accompanies robotics excellence. https:\/\/aal-eware.eu\/ Accessed 2 Jan 2020."},{"issue":"11","key":"998_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/3127874","volume":"60","author":"LD Riek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riek LD (2017) Healthcare robotics. Commun ACM 60(11):68\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3127874","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"998_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1075\/is.7.3.16rob","volume":"7","author":"B Robins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robins B, Dautenhahn K, Dubowski J (2006) Does appearance matter in the interaction of children with autism with a humanoid robot? Interact Stud 7(3):479\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/is.7.3.16rob","journal-title":"Interact Stud"},{"key":"998_CR32","unstructured":"SoftBank robotics. Pepper. https:\/\/www.softbankrobotics.com\/emea\/en\/pepper. Accessed 6 Dec 2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"998_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-006-9030-6","volume":"16","author":"R Sparrow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sparrow R, Sparrow L (2006) In the hands of machines? The future of aged care. Mind Mach 16(2):141\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-006-9030-6","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"key":"998_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8raa RA (2019) Mecha-media: how are androids, cyborgs, and robots presented and received through the media?. In Rapid automation: concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications (pp. 12\u201330). IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-8060-7.ch002"},{"key":"998_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka F, Isshiki K, Takahashi F, Uekusa M, Sei R, Hayashi K (2015) Pepper learns together with children: development of an educational application. In Humanoid Robots (Humanoids), 2015 IEEE-RAS 15th International Conference on (pp. 270\u2013275). IEEE. doi: 10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2015.7363546","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2015.7363546"},{"key":"998_CR36","unstructured":"Tinybots (2020). https:\/\/www.tinybots.nl. Accessed 6 Jan 2020."},{"key":"998_CR37","unstructured":"Tinybots BV (2018). Handleiding Tessa. https:\/\/files.tinybots.io\/handleiding\/handleiding.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2020"},{"key":"998_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28258-5_10","volume-title":"Digitalization in industry. Between domination and emancipation","author":"G T\u00f8ndel","year":"2019","unstructured":"T\u00f8ndel G, Seibt D (2019) Governing the elderly body: technocare policy and industrial promises of freedom. In: Meyer U, Schaupp S, Seibt D (eds) Digitalization in industry. Between domination and emancipation. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 233\u2013259"},{"key":"998_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315586397","volume-title":"Healthcare robots: ethics, design and implementation","author":"A Van Wynsberghe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Wynsberghe A (2016) Healthcare robots: ethics, design and implementation. Routledge, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"998_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/1683478X.2017.1406576","volume":"17","author":"J Wright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wright J (2018) Tactile care, mechanical Hugs: Japanese caregivers and robotic lifting devices. Asian Anthropol 17(1):24\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1683478X.2017.1406576","journal-title":"Asian Anthropol"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-020-00998-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-020-00998-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-020-00998-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T23:08:06Z","timestamp":1622761686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-020-00998-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-00998-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}