{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T22:05:45Z","timestamp":1757455545415,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009148","name":"Queen Mary University of London","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009148","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The false attribution of autonomy and related concepts to artificial agents that lack the attributed levels of the respective characteristic is problematic in many ways. In this article, we contrast this view with a positive viewpoint that emphasizes the potential role of such false attributions in the context of robotic language acquisition. By adding emotional displays and congruent body behaviors to a child-like humanoid robot\u2019s behavioral repertoire, we were able to bring na\u00efve human tutors to engage in so called intent interpretations. In developmental psychology, intent interpretations can be hypothesized to play a central role in the acquisition of emotion, volition, and similar autonomy-related words. The aforementioned experiments originally targeted the acquisition of linguistic negation. However, participants produced other affect- and motivation-related words with high frequencies too and, as a consequence, these entered the robot\u2019s active vocabulary. We will analyze participants\u2019 non-negative emotional and volitional speech and contrast it with participants\u2019 speech in a non-affective baseline scenario. Implications of these findings for robotic language acquisition in particular and artificial intelligence and robotics more generally will also be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01114-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T17:03:07Z","timestamp":1610816587000},"page":"605-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Attribution of autonomy and its role in robotic language acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1797-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Althoefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/TAMD.2009.2021702","volume":"1","author":"M Asada","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asada M et al (2009) cognitive developmental robotics: a survey. IEEE Trans Auton Ment Dev 1(1):12\u201334","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Auton Ment Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1114_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0235-1","volume":"6","author":"G Briggs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Briggs G, Scheutz M (2014) How robots can affect human behavior: investigating the effects of robotic displays of protest and distress. Int J Soc Robot 6(3):343\u2013355","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"4","key":"1114_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-016-9405-2","volume":"26","author":"M Brincker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brincker M (2016) Dynamics of perceptible agency: the case of social robots. Mind Mach 26(4):441\u2013466","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"key":"1114_CR4","unstructured":"Buss S (2002) Personal autonomy. The Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"},{"key":"1114_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00599-8","volume":"11","author":"Z Carlson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carlson Z et al (2019) Perceived mistreatment and emotional capability following aggressive treatment of robots and computers. Int J Soc Robot 11:727\u2013739","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR6","first-page":"44","volume":"3","author":"SJ Cowley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cowley SJ (2005) Languaging: how babies and bonobos lock on to human modes of life. Int J Comput Cogn 3(1):44\u201355","journal-title":"Int J Comput Cogn"},{"issue":"1480","key":"1114_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.2004","volume":"362","author":"K Dautenhahn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dautenhahn K (2007) Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human-robot interaction. Philos Trans R Soc B 362(1480):679\u2013704","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B"},{"issue":"2","key":"1114_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02056.x","volume":"19","author":"N Epley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Epley N, Akalis S, Waytz A, Cacioppo JT (2008) Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychol Sci 19(2):114\u2013120","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1114_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.2307\/1166093","volume":"59","author":"L Fenson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fenson L et al (1994) Variability in early communicative development. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 59(5):i\u2013185","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1114_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0338-y","volume":"8","author":"F Ferrari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferrari F, Paladino MP, Jetten J (2016) Blurring human-machine distinctions: anthropomorphic appearance in social robots as a threat to human distinctiveness. Int J Soc Robot 8(2):287\u2013302","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1114_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer K (2011) Interpersonal variation in understanding robots as social actors. s.l., IEEE, pp. 53\u201360","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957672"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1075\/is.12.1.06fis","volume":"12","author":"K Fischer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fischer K, Foth K, Rohlfing K, Wrede B (2011) Mindful tutors: linguistic choice and action demonstration in speech to infants and a simulated robot. Int Stud 12(1):134\u2013161","journal-title":"Int Stud"},{"key":"1114_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer K, Lohan K, Foth K (2012) Levels of embodiment: linguistic analyses of factors influencing HRI. Boston, IEEE, pp. 463-470","DOI":"10.1145\/2157689.2157839"},{"key":"1114_CR14","volume-title":"Coding scheme for negative utterances","author":"F F\u00f6rster","year":"2018","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster F (2018) Coding scheme for negative utterances. University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield"},{"issue":"3","key":"1114_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2017.2752366","volume":"10","author":"F F\u00f6rster","year":"2018","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster F, Saunders J, Nehaniv CL (2018) Robots that say \u201cno\u201d Affective symbol grounding and the case of intent interpretations. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 10(3):530\u2013544","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"1114_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1145\/3359618","volume":"8","author":"F F\u00f6rster","year":"2019","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster F, Saunders J, Lehmann H, Nehaniv CL (2019) Robots learning to say \u201cno\u201d: prohibition and rejective mechanisms in acquisition of linguistic negation. ACM Trans Hum Robot Interact 8(4):26","journal-title":"ACM Trans Hum Robot Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2005.0018","volume":"81","author":"P Foulkes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foulkes P, Docherty G, Watt D (2005) Phonological variation in child-directed speech. Language 81(1):177\u2013206","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"1114_CR001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01040-9","author":"R Gahrn-Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gahrn-Andersen R (2020) Seeming autonomy, technology and the uncanny valley. AI & Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01040-9","journal-title":"AI & Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5898\/10.5898\/JHRI.5.1.Geiskkovitch","volume":"5","author":"DY Geiskkovitch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geiskkovitch DY, Cormier D, Seo SH, Young JE (2016) Please continue, we need more data: an exploration of obedience to robots. J Hum Robot Interact 5(1):82\u201399","journal-title":"J Hum Robot Interact"},{"key":"1114_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbers M, Peeters MM, Neerincx MA (2017) Perceived autonomy of robots: effects of appearance and context. A World with Robots, pp. 19\u201333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46667-5_2"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1114_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90087-6","volume":"42","author":"S Harnad","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harnad S (1990) The symbol grounding problem. Phys D 42(1\u20133):335\u2013346","journal-title":"Phys D"},{"key":"1114_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann L, Bock N, Rosenthal vd P\u00fctten AM (2018) The peculiarities of robot embodiment (EmCorp-Scale): development, validation and initial test of the embodiment and corporeality of artificial agents scale. Chicago, USA, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 370\u2013378","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171242"},{"key":"1114_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2016.08.019","volume":"87","author":"E Jochum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jochum E, Millar P, Nu\u00f1ez D (2017) Sequence and chance: design and control methods for entertainment robots. Robot Auton Syst 87:372\u2013380","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2013.751159","volume":"27","author":"H Kamide","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamide H, Kawabe K, Shigemi S, Arai T (2013) Development of a psychological scale for general impressions of humanoid. Adv Robot 27(1):3\u201317","journal-title":"Adv Robot"},{"key":"1114_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511621710.014","volume-title":"Social intelligence and interaction","author":"SC Levinson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levinson SC (1995) Interactional biases in human thinking. In: Goody EN (ed) Social intelligence and interaction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 221\u2013260"},{"key":"1114_CR25","first-page":"39","volume-title":"roots of human sociality: culture, cognition, and interaction","author":"SC Levinson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levinson SC (2006) On the human \u201cinteraction engine.\u201d roots of human sociality: culture, cognition, and interaction. Berg Publishers, Oxford, pp 39\u201369"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5772\/5761","volume":"3","author":"G Metta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Metta G, Fitzpatrick P, Natale L (2006) YARP: yet another robot platform. Int J Adv Rob Syst 3(1):8","journal-title":"Int J Adv Rob Syst"},{"key":"1114_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1774674.1774683","volume-title":"The iCub humanoid robot: an open platform for research in embodied cognition","author":"G Metta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Metta G et al (2008) The iCub humanoid robot: an open platform for research in embodied cognition. Gaithersburg, USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1114_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0493-4","volume":"11","author":"F Papenmeier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papenmeier F, Uhrig M, Kirsch A (2019) Human understanding of robot motion: the role of velocity and orientation. Int J Soc Robot 11(1):75\u201388","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1114_CR29","first-page":"156","volume-title":"The social foundations of language & thought: essays in honor of jerome bruner","author":"RD Pea","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pea RD (1980) The development of negation in early child language. The social foundations of language & thought: essays in honor of jerome bruner. W. W. Norton, New York, pp 156\u2013186"},{"issue":"4","key":"1114_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/10407413.2014.958035","volume":"26","author":"E Rietveld","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rietveld E, Kiverstein J (2014) A rich landscape of affordances. Ecol Psychol 26(4):325\u2013352","journal-title":"Ecol Psychol"},{"key":"1114_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal-von der P\u00fctten AM, Bock N, Brockmann K (2017) Not Your Cup of Tea? How Interacting With a Robot Can Increase Perceived Self-efficacy in HRI and Evaluation. Vienna, IEEE, pp. 483\u2013492","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020251"},{"key":"1114_CR32","unstructured":"Ryan J (1974) Early language development: towards a communicational analysis. In: The integration of a child into a social world. Cambridge University Press, London"},{"key":"1114_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders J, Lehmann H, Sato Y, Nehaniv CL (2011) Towards Using Prosody to Scaffold Lexical Meaning in Robots. Frankfurt am Main, IEEE, pp. 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/DEVLRN.2011.6037328"},{"key":"1114_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders J, Lehmann H, F\u00f6rster F, Nehaniv CL (2012) Robot acquisition of lexical meaning\u2014moving towards the two-word stage. San Diego, IEEE, pp. 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/DevLrn.2012.6400588"},{"key":"1114_CR35","unstructured":"Schaefer KE, Foots AN, Straub ER (2018) Applied robotics for installations and base operations: user perceptions of a driverless vehicle at fort bragg. Technical Report: ARL-TR-8265. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland"},{"key":"1114_CR36","unstructured":"Scheutz M (2011) The inherent dangers of unidirectional emotional bonds between humans and social robots. In: Lin P, Abney K, Bekey GA (eds) Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robots. MIT Press, pp 205\u2013221"},{"key":"1114_CR37","volume-title":"No and yes: on the genesis of human communication","author":"RA Spitz","year":"1957","unstructured":"Spitz RA (1957) No and yes: on the genesis of human communication. International Universities Press, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"1114_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1075\/prag.10.4.01tom","volume":"10","author":"M Tomasello","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tomasello M (2000) The social-pragmatic theory of word learning. Pragmatics 10(4):401\u2013413","journal-title":"Pragmatics"},{"key":"1114_CR39","volume-title":"Constructing a language: a usage-based theory of language acquisition","author":"M Tomasello","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tomasello M (2003) Constructing a language: a usage-based theory of language acquisition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"8","key":"1114_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12489","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12489","volume":"13","author":"EJ Vanman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vanman EJ, Kappas A (2019) \u201cDanger, will robinson!\u201d the challenges of social robots for intergroup relations. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 13(8):e12489","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"issue":"4","key":"1114_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(74)90031-8","volume":"5","author":"FG Varela","year":"1974","unstructured":"Varela FG, Maturana HR, Uribe R (1974) Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. Biosystems 5(4):187\u2013196","journal-title":"Biosystems"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01114-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01114-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01114-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1650950298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01114-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01114-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors do not declare any conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}