{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T01:36:30Z","timestamp":1784597790678,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI & Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T04:23:49Z","timestamp":1612844629000},"page":"1047-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Conservative AI and social inequality: conceptualizing alternatives to bias through social theory"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7804-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Zajko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1153_CR1","first-page":"671","volume":"104","author":"S Barocas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barocas S, Selbst AD (2016) Big data\u2019s disparate impact. Calif Law Rev 104:671\u2013732","journal-title":"Calif Law Rev"},{"key":"1153_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619832930","volume":"20","author":"LF Barrett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barrett LF, Adolphs R, Marsella S et al (2019) Emotional expressions reconsidered: challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements. Psychol Sci Public Interest 20:1\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100619832930","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"key":"1153_CR3","unstructured":"Baumann E, Rumberger JL (2018) State of the Art in Fair ML: From Moral Philosophy and Legislation to Fair Classifiers. ArXiv181109539 Cs Stat http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.09539"},{"key":"1153_CR4","volume-title":"Race after technology: abolitionist tools for the new Jim code","author":"R Benjamin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin R (2019) Race after technology: abolitionist tools for the new Jim code. Polity Press, Cambridge, U.K."},{"key":"1153_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287575","volume":"19","author":"S Benthall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benthall S, Haynes BD (2019) Racial categories in machine learning. Proc Conf Fairness Account Transpar FAT 19:289\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287575","journal-title":"Proc Conf Fairness Account Transpar FAT"},{"key":"1153_CR6","unstructured":"Birhane A (2020) Fair Warning. In: Real Life. https:\/\/reallifemag.com\/fair-warning\/. Accessed 29 December 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR7","first-page":"13","volume":"49","author":"C Blackstock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blackstock C (2017) Reflections on reconciliation after 150 years since confederation: an interview with Dr Cindy Blackstock. Ott Law Rev 49:13\u201328","journal-title":"Ott Law Rev"},{"key":"1153_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215586826","volume":"59","author":"E Bonilla-Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonilla-Silva E (2015) The structure of racism in color-blind, \u201cpost-racial\u201d America. Am Behav Sci 59:1358\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764215586826","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"key":"1153_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/1474885118782384","volume":"17","author":"R Bourke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bourke R (2018) What is conservatism? History, ideology and party. Eur J Polit Theory 17:449\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1474885118782384","journal-title":"Eur J Polit Theory"},{"key":"1153_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780822375302","volume-title":"Dark matters: on the surveillance of blackness","author":"S Browne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Browne S (2015) Dark matters: on the surveillance of blackness. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1153_CR11","unstructured":"Cardoso T (2020) Bias Behind Bars: A Globe investigation finds a prison system stacked against Black and Indigenous inmates. In: Globe and Mail. https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/canada\/article-investigation-racial-bias-in-canadian-prison-risk-assessments\/. Accessed 26 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR12","unstructured":"Carr N (2014) The Limits of Social Engineering. In: MIT Technol. Rev. https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2014\/04\/16\/173156\/the-limits-of-social-engineering\/. Accessed 29 Jun 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR13","unstructured":"Chiang T (2017) Silicon Valley Is Turning Into Its Own Worst Fear. In: BuzzFeed News. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/tedchiang\/the-real-danger-to-civilization-isnt-ai-its-runaway. Accessed 14 Jul 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR14","unstructured":"Cifor M, Garcia P, Cowan TL, et al (2019) Feminist data manifest-no. https:\/\/www.manifestno.com\/home.\u00a0 Accessed 31 Jan 2021"},{"key":"1153_CR15","unstructured":"Coalition for Critical Technology (2020) Abolish the #TechToPrisonPipeline. In: Medium. https:\/\/medium.com\/@CoalitionForCriticalTechnology\/abolish-the-techtoprisonpipeline-9b5b14366b16. Accessed 3 Jul 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01174475","volume":"9","author":"M Cooley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cooley M (1995) The myth of the moral neutrality of technology. AI Soc 9:10\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01174475","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"1153_CR17","unstructured":"Corbett-Davies S, Goel S (2018). The measure and mismeasure of fairness: a critical review of fair machine learning. ArXiv1808.00023 Cs http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1808.00023"},{"key":"1153_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12255.001.0001","volume-title":"Design justice: community-led practices to build the worlds we need","author":"S Costanza-Chock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Costanza-Chock S (2020) Design justice: community-led practices to build the worlds we need. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA"},{"key":"1153_CR19","volume-title":"Automating inequality: how high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor","author":"V Eubanks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eubanks V (2017) Automating inequality: how high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin\u2019s Press, New York"},{"key":"1153_CR20","unstructured":"Friedler SA, Scheidegger C, Venkatasubramanian S (2016) On the (im)possibility of fairness. ArXiv160907236 Cs Stat http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1609.07236"},{"key":"1153_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1145\/230538.230561","volume":"14","author":"B Friedman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Friedman B, Nissenbaum H (1996) Bias in computer systems. ACM Trans Inf Syst 14:330\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/230538.230561","journal-title":"ACM Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"1153_CR22","unstructured":"G7 Science Academies (2019) Artificial intelligence and society. https:\/\/rsc-src.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/Artificial%20intelligence%20and%20society%20G7%202019.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2019"},{"key":"1153_CR23","unstructured":"Gillespie T, Seaver N (2016) Critical Algorithm Studies: a Reading List. In: Soc. Media Collect. http:\/\/socialmediacollective.org\/reading-lists\/critical-algorithm-studies\/. Accessed 7 Jul 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2307\/3054046","volume":"31","author":"B Goetz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goetz B (1997) Organization as class bias in local law enforcement: arson-for-profit as a \u201cnonissue.\u201d Law Soc Rev 31:557\u2013588","journal-title":"Law Soc Rev"},{"key":"1153_CR25","unstructured":"Green B (2018) Data science as political action: grounding data science in a politics of justice. ArXiv181103435 Cs https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.03435"},{"key":"1153_CR26","unstructured":"Green B (2019) \u201cGood\u201d isn\u2019t good enough. In: proceedings of the AI for Social Good workshop at NeurIPS. Vancouver. https:\/\/www.benzevgreen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/19-ai4sg.pdf. Accessed 29 December 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR27","unstructured":"Green B, Hu L (2018) The myth in the methodology: towards a recontextualization of fairness in machine learning. https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/bgreen\/files\/18-icmldebates.pdf. Accessed 1 October 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green B, Viljoen S (2020) Algorithmic realism: expanding the boundaries of algorithmic thought. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. Association for Computing Machinery, Barcelona, Spain 19\u201331","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372840"},{"key":"1153_CR29","volume-title":"Social stratification: class, race, and gender in sociological perspective","author":"DB Grusky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grusky DB (2014) Social stratification: class, race, and gender in sociological perspective, 4th edn. Routledge, New York","edition":"4"},{"key":"1153_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.54648\/COLA2018095","volume":"55","author":"P Hacker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hacker P (2018) Teaching fairness to artificial intelligence: existing and novel strategies against algorithmic discrimination under EU law. Common Mark Law Rev 55:1143\u20131185","journal-title":"Common Mark Law Rev"},{"key":"1153_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hacking I (2005) Why Race Still Matters. Daedalus 134:102\u2013116","DOI":"10.1162\/0011526053124460"},{"key":"1153_CR32","unstructured":"Hanna A, Denton E, Smart A, Smith-Loud J (2019) Towards a critical race methodology in algorithmic fairness. ArXiv: 1912.03593 Cs http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.03593"},{"key":"1153_CR33","unstructured":"Hartley S (2017) The Fuzzy and the Techie: Why the Liberal Arts Will Rule the Digital World. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston"},{"key":"1153_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243916687038","volume":"42","author":"SG Hoffman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoffman SG (2017) Managing ambiguities at the edge of knowledge: research strategy and artificial intelligence labs in an era of academic capitalism. Sci Technol Hum Values 42:703\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0162243916687038","journal-title":"Sci Technol Hum Values"},{"key":"1153_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1573912","volume":"22","author":"AL Hoffmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffmann AL (2019) Where fairness fails: data, algorithms, and the limits of antidiscrimination discourse. Inf Commun Soc 22:900\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1573912","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"key":"1153_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716674238","volume":"3","author":"A Iliadis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iliadis A, Russo F (2016) Critical data studies: an introduction. Big Data Soc 3:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951716674238","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"1153_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin A, Ienca M, Vayena E (2019) The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 1:389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"1153_CR38","unstructured":"Johnson K (2020a) NeurIPS requires AI researchers to account for societal impact and financial conflicts of interest. VentureBeat. https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2020\/02\/24\/neurips-requires-ai-researchers-to-account-for-societal-impact-and-financial-conflicts-of-interest\/. Accessed 29 Dec 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR39","unstructured":"Johnson K (2020b) AI Weekly: A deep learning pioneer\u2019s teachable moment on AI bias. VentureBeat. https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2020\/06\/26\/ai-weekly-a-deep-learning-pioneers-teachable-moment-on-ai-bias\/. Accessed 27 Jun 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR40","first-page":"499","volume":"88","author":"K Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson K, Pasquale F, Chapman J (2019) Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and bias in finance: toward responsible innovation. Fordham Rev 88:499\u2013529","journal-title":"Fordham Rev"},{"key":"1153_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02003-2","volume":"583","author":"P Kalluri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalluri P (2020) Don\u2019t ask if artificial intelligence is good or fair, ask how it shifts power. Nature 583:169\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-02003-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1153_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00274-3","volume":"578","author":"MJ Kusner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kusner MJ, Loftus JR (2020) The long road to fairer algorithms. Nature 578:34\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-00274-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1153_CR43","volume-title":"Formalism in AI and computer science","author":"P Leith","year":"1990","unstructured":"Leith P (1990) Formalism in AI and computer science. Ellis Horwood, New York"},{"key":"1153_CR44","volume-title":"Why race still matters","author":"A Lentin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lentin A (2020) Why race still matters. Polity Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1153_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-017-0279-x","volume":"31","author":"B Lepri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lepri B, Oliver N, Letouz\u00e9 E et al (2018) Fair, transparent, and accountable algorithmic decision-making processes. Philos Technol 31:611\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-017-0279-x","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1153_CR46","unstructured":"Lewis JE, Abdilla A, Arista N, et al (2020) Indigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Position Paper. https:\/\/spectrum.library.concordia.ca\/986506\/. Accessed 15 Oct 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-80257-5","volume-title":"Power: a radical view","author":"S Lukes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lukes S (2005) Power: a radical view, 2nd edn. Red Globe Press, London","edition":"2"},{"key":"1153_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315714523","volume-title":"Routledge handbook of interdisciplinary research methods","author":"C Lury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lury C (2018) Introduction: Activating the present of interdisciplinary methods. In: Lury C, Fensham R, Heller-Nicholas A et al (eds) Routledge handbook of interdisciplinary research methods. Routledge, New York, pp 1\u201325"},{"key":"1153_CR49","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Machin A","author":"A Machin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Machin A, Stehr N (2016) Inequality in Modern Societies: Causes, Consequences and Challenges. In: Stehr N (ed) Machin A. Understanding Inequality, Social Costs and Benefits. Springer, pp 3\u201334"},{"key":"1153_CR50","volume-title":"The racial contract","author":"CW Mills","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mills CW (1997) The racial contract. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY"},{"key":"1153_CR51","unstructured":"Mitchell S, Potash E, Barocas S, et al (2020) Prediction-Based Decisions and Fairness: A Catalogue of Choices, Assumptions, and Definitions. ArXiv181107867 Stat http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.07867"},{"key":"1153_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00405-8","volume":"33","author":"S Mohamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohamed S, Png M-T, Isaac W (2020) Decolonial AI: decolonial theory as sociotechnical foresight in artificial intelligence. Philos Technol 33:659\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-020-00405-8","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1153_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-017-0768-6","volume":"35","author":"R Nath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nath R, Sahu V (2020) The problem of machine ethics in artificial intelligence. AI Soc 35:103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-017-0768-6","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"1153_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/221116","volume":"58","author":"RA Nisbet","year":"1952","unstructured":"Nisbet RA (1952) Conservatism and sociology. Am J Sociol 58:167\u2013175","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"1153_CR55","volume-title":"Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy","author":"C O\u2019Neil","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil C (2016) Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown, New York"},{"key":"1153_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203076804","volume-title":"Racial Formation in the United States","author":"M Omi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Omi M, Winant H (2014) Racial Formation in the United States, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York","edition":"3"},{"key":"1153_CR57","unstructured":"Penn J (2018) AI thinks like a corporation\u2014and that\u2019s worrying. The Economist. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/open-future\/2018\/11\/26\/ai-thinks-like-a-corporation-and-thats-worrying. Accessed 29 Dec 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR58","volume-title":"The cultural life of machine learning: an incursion into critical AI studies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberge J, Castelle M (eds) (2021) The cultural life of machine learning: an incursion into critical AI studies. Springer International Publishing, Cham"},{"key":"1153_CR59","volume-title":"Black marxism: the making of the black radical tradition","author":"CJ Robinson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robinson CJ (2000) Black marxism: the making of the black radical tradition, 2nd edn. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill","edition":"2"},{"key":"1153_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674726444","volume-title":"The society of equals","author":"P Rosanvallon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosanvallon P (2013) The society of equals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"key":"1153_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scheuerman MK, Paul JM, Brubaker JR (2019) How Computers see gender: an evaluation of gender classification in commercial facial analysis services. Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact 3:1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3359246","DOI":"10.1145\/3359246"},{"key":"1153_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199661817.001.0001","volume-title":"Equality and opportunity","author":"S Segall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segall S (2013) Equality and opportunity. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1153_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selbst AD, boyd d, Friedler SA, et al (2019) Fairness and abstraction in sociotechnical systems. In: proceedings of the conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency. ACM, New York 59\u201368","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"1153_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah D, Schwartz HA, Hovy D (2019a) Predictive biases in natural language processing models: a conceptual framework and overview. ArXiv191211078 Cs http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.11078","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.468"},{"key":"1153_CR65","unstructured":"Shah R, Gundotra N, Abbeel P, Dragan AD (2019b) On the feasibility of learning, rather than assuming, human biases for reward inference. ArXiv190609624 Cs https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1906.09624"},{"key":"1153_CR66","unstructured":"Silberg J, Manyika J (2019) Notes from the AI frontier: tackling bias in AI (and in humans). https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/mckinsey\/featured%20insights\/artificial%20intelligence\/tackling%20bias%20in%20artificial%20intelligence%20and%20in%20humans\/mgi-tackling-bias-in-ai-june-2019.ashx. Accessed 29 Dec 2020"},{"key":"1153_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5749\/jcritethnstud.2.2.0019","volume":"2","author":"LB Simpson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpson LB (2016) Indigenous resurgence and co-resistance. Crit Ethn Stud 2:19\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5749\/jcritethnstud.2.2.0019","journal-title":"Crit Ethn Stud"},{"key":"1153_CR68","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2019) Statistics on Indigenous peoples. https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/eng\/subjects-start\/indigenous_peoples. Accessed 21 Aug 2019"},{"key":"1153_CR69","unstructured":"Suresh H, Guttag JV (2020) A Framework for Understanding Unintended Consequences of Machine Learning. ArXiv190110002 Cs http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1901.10002"},{"key":"1153_CR70","unstructured":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015) Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada"},{"key":"1153_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230299191","volume-title":"Settler colonialism: a theoretical overview","author":"L Veracini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veracini L (2010) Settler colonialism: a theoretical overview. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke"},{"key":"1153_CR72","volume-title":"Indigenous data sovereignty and policy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walter M, Kukutai T, Carroll SR, Rodriguez-Lonebear D (eds) (2020) Indigenous data sovereignty and policy. Routledge, London"},{"key":"1153_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1757743819871316","volume":"12","author":"S Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton S (2020) Why the critical race theory concept of \u2018White supremacy\u2019 should not be dismissed by neo-Marxists: lessons from contemporary Black radicalism. Power Educ 12:78\u201394","journal-title":"Power Educ"},{"key":"1153_CR74","unstructured":"West SM, Whittaker M, Crawford K (2019) Discriminating systems: gender, race and power in AI. AI now institute. https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/discriminatingsystems.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2021"},{"key":"1153_CR75","unstructured":"Whittaker M, Crawford K, Dobbe R, et al (2018) AI Now 2018 report. AI now institute. https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/AI_Now_2018_Report.pdf.\u00a0 Accessed 31 Jan 2021"},{"key":"1153_CR76","first-page":"121","volume":"109","author":"L Winner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Winner L (1980) Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus 109:121\u2013136","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"1153_CR77","first-page":"229","volume":"17","author":"AB Wolfe","year":"1923","unstructured":"Wolfe AB (1923) Conservatism and radicalism: some definitions and distinctions. Sci Mon 17:229\u2013237","journal-title":"Sci Mon"},{"key":"1153_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","volume":"33","author":"P-H Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong P-H (2020) Democratizing algorithmic fairness. Philos Technol 33:225\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","journal-title":"Philos Technol"}],"container-title":["AI & SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T20:47:34Z","timestamp":1671137254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}