{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:29:57Z","timestamp":1765369797387,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI & Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01234-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T19:05:12Z","timestamp":1622574312000},"page":"829-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Will Big Data and personalized medicine do the gender dimension justice?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela A.","family":"Tangari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Iannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sartini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1234_CR1","volume-title":"Recoding gender: women\u2019s changing participation in computing","author":"J Abbate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abbate J (2017) Recoding gender: women\u2019s changing participation in computing. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1234_CR2","unstructured":"Anderson C (2008) The end of theory: the data deluge makes the scientific method obsolete. Wired 16(7). Available at: http:\/\/www.wired.com\/science\/discoveries\/magazine\/16-07\/pb_theory"},{"key":"1234_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ballard DW et al (2016) Optimizing clinical decision support in the electronic health record. Clinical characteristics associated with the use of a decision tool for disposition of ED patients with pulmonary embolism. Appl Clin Inform 7(3):883\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4338\/ACI-2016-05-RA-0073.","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2016-05-RA-0073"},{"key":"1234_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11022.001.0001","volume-title":"Artificial unintelligence: how computers misunderstand the world","author":"M Broussard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broussard M (2018) Artificial unintelligence: how computers misunderstand the world. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA"},{"key":"1234_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler J (1997) The psychic life of power. Theories in subjection. Stanford University Press, California","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503616295"},{"key":"1234_CR6","unstructured":"Carnevale A, Tangari E (2021, forthcoming). Philosophical News 22, special issue on \u201cEthics, Health Data, and Bio-Citizenship\u201d"},{"key":"1234_CR7","volume-title":"Missing bodies: the politics of visibility","author":"MJ Casper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Casper MJ, Moore LJ (2009) Missing bodies: the politics of visibility. NYU Press, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"1234_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/1556264616661611","volume":"11","author":"KD Cato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cato KD, Bockting W, Larson E (2016) Did i tell you that? Ethical issues related to using computational methods to discover non-disclosed patient characteristics. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 11(3):214\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1556264616661611","journal-title":"J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics"},{"key":"1234_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cirillo D et al (2020) Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare. npj Digit Med 3(81). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-020-0288-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0288-5"},{"key":"1234_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262033459.001.0001","volume-title":"Women and information technology. Research on underrepresentation","author":"JM Cohoon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohoon JM, Aspray W (2006) Women and information technology. Research on underrepresentation. MIT Press, London"},{"key":"1234_CR11","unstructured":"Crenshaw K (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Univ Chicago Legal Forum 140:139\u2013167. Available at: https:\/\/chicagounbound.uchicago.edu\/uclf\/vol1989\/iss1\/8"},{"issue":"10","key":"1234_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5522","volume":"25","author":"SF Dehkordy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dehkordy SF et al (2016) The link between everyday discrimination, healthcare utilization, and health status among a national sample of women. J Women Health 25(10):1044\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2015.5522","journal-title":"J Women Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1234_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481402100305","volume":"21","author":"AC Denson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denson AC, Mahipal A (2014) Participation of the elderly population in clinical trials: barriers and solutions. Cancer Control 21(3):209\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107327481402100305","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"1234_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.025288","volume":"14","author":"N Duma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duma N et al (2018) Representation of minorities and women in oncological clinical trials: review of the past 14 years. J Oncol Practice 14(1):e1\u2013e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JOP.2017.025288","journal-title":"J Oncol Practice"},{"key":"1234_CR15","volume-title":"Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality","author":"A Fausto-Sterling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fausto-Sterling A (2000) Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"1234_CR16","unstructured":"Ferryman K, Pitcan M (2018) Fairness in precision medicine. Data & Society. Available at: https:\/\/datasociety.net\/output\/fairness-in-precision-medicine\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1234_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31520","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2469","volume":"20","author":"S Geller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geller S et al (2011) Inclusion, analysis, and reporting of sex and race\/ethnicity in clinical trials: have we made progress? J Women Health 20(3):31520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2010.2469","journal-title":"J Women Health"},{"key":"1234_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674037618","volume-title":"In a different voice: psychological theory and women\u2019s development","author":"C Gilligan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gilligan C (1993) In a different voice: psychological theory and women\u2019s development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA"},{"key":"1234_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1564.001.0001","volume-title":"Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy","author":"J Habermas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Habermas J (1996) Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"1234_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481602300404","volume":"23","author":"LM Hamel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamel LM et al (2016) Barriers to clinical trial enrolment in racial and ethnic minority patients with cancer. Cancer Control 23(4):327\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107327481602300404","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"1234_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90869-4","volume-title":"Towards digital enlightenment essays on the dark and light sides of the digital revolution","author":"D Helbing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Helbing D (2019) Societal, economic, ethical and legal challenges of the digital revolution: from big data to deep learning, artificial intelligence, and manipulative technologies. In: Helbing D (ed) Towards digital enlightenment essays on the dark and light sides of the digital revolution. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland"},{"issue":"1","key":"1234_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/dpr.12142","volume":"34","author":"M Hilbert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hilbert M (2016) Big data for development: a review of promises and challenges. Dev Policy Rev 34(1):135\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dpr.12142","journal-title":"Dev Policy Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1234_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.003","volume":"15","author":"A Hirsh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirsh A et al (2014) The influence of patient sex, provider sex, and sexist attitudes on pain treatment decisions. J Pain 15(5):551\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.003","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"1234_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E248","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20130095","volume":"2","author":"TA Holt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holt TA et al (2014) Identification of undiagnosed diabetes and quality of diabetes care in the United States: cross-sectional study of 115 million primary care electronic records. CMAJ Open 2(4):E248\u2013E255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9778\/cmajo.20130095","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1234_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.227","volume":"8","author":"L Hood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hood L, Friend SH (2011) Predictive, personalized, preventive, participatory (P4) cancer medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8(3):184\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.227","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1234_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp180","volume":"38","author":"N Jewson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jewson N (2009) The disappearance of the sick-man from medical cosmology, 1770\u20131870. Int J Epidemiol 38(3):622\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyp180","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1234_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1089\/152460900445974","volume":"9","author":"M Killien","year":"2000","unstructured":"Killien M et al (2000) Involving minority and underrepresented women in clinical trials: the National Centers of Excellence in Women\u2019s Health. J Women Health Gender Based Med 9(10):1061\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/152460900445974","journal-title":"J Women Health Gender Based Med"},{"key":"1234_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koren G et al (2019) \u201cA patient like me.\u201d An algorithm-based program to inform patients on the likely conditions people with symptoms like theirs have. Medicine 98(42):e17596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000017596","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017596"},{"issue":"9","key":"1234_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E902","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2018.902","volume":"20","author":"C Lamanna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lamanna C, Byrne L (2018) Should artificial intelligence augment medical decision making? The case for an autonomy algorithm. AMA J Ethics 20(9):E902\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/amajethics.2018.902","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"1234_CR29","unstructured":"Metcalf J, Keller EF, Boyd D (2016) Perspectives on big data, ethics, and society, council for big data, ethics, and society. Available at: http:\/\/bdes.datasociety.net\/council-output\/perspectives-on-big-data-ethics-and-society\/"},{"key":"1234_CR30","unstructured":"Nicoletta M et al (2018) Intelligenza Artificiale e Big Data in ambito medico: prospettive, opportunit\u00e0, criticit\u00e0. JAMD 21(3). Available at: https:\/\/www.jamd.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018_03_03.pdf"},{"key":"1234_CR31","volume-title":"Invisible women. Exposing data bias in world designed for men","author":"CC Perez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perez CC (2020) Invisible women. Exposing data bias in world designed for men. Vintage Books, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"1234_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29597","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.29597","volume":"9","author":"SP Phillips","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phillips SP, Hamberg K (2016) Doubly blind: a systematic review of gender in randomised controlled trials. Glob Health Action 9(1):29597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v9.29597","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1234_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3366\/soma.2019.0278","volume":"9","author":"M Pot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pot M, Spahl W, Prainsack B (2019) The gender of biomedical data: challenges for personalised and precision medicine. Somatechnics 9(2\u20133):170\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3366\/soma.2019.0278","journal-title":"Somatechnics"},{"key":"1234_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prosperi M et al (2018) Big data hurdles in precision medicine and precision public health. BMC Med Inf Decision Making 18(139). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0719-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0719-2"},{"key":"1234_CR50","volume-title":"The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2020","author":"O Rowntree","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rowntree O, Shanahan M, Bahia K, Butler C, Lindsey D, Sibthorpe C (2020) The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2020, GSM Association, London"},{"key":"1234_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Russo F (2015) Causation and correlation in medical science: theoretical problems. In: Schramme T, Edwards S (eds) Handbook of the philosophy of medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8706-2_46-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8706-2_46-1"},{"key":"1234_CR36","unstructured":"Russo F (2021) Value-promoting concepts in the health sciences and public health. Philosophical News 22, special issue on \u201cEthics, Health Data, and Bio-Citizenship\u201d, edited by Antonio Carnevale and Emanuela Tangari (forthcoming)"},{"key":"1234_CR37","volume-title":"Clinical trials in psychopharmacology","author":"MV Seeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seeman MV (2010) Women\u2019s issues in clinical trials. In: Hertzman M, Adler L (eds) Clinical trials in psychopharmacology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester"},{"issue":"2","key":"1234_CR38","first-page":"481","volume":"68","author":"W Seltzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Seltzer W, Anderson M (2001) The dark side of numbers. Soc Res 68(2):481\u2013513","journal-title":"Soc Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1234_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2496","volume":"16","author":"AR Shaikh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaikh AR et al (2014) Collaborative biomedicine in the age of big data: the case of cancer. J Med Internet Res 16(4):e101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.2496","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1234_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2701164","volume":"16","author":"BC Stahl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stahl BC, Wright D (2018) Ethics and privacy in AI and big data: implementing responsible research and innovation. IEEE Secur Priv 16(3):326\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2018.2701164","journal-title":"IEEE Secur Priv"},{"key":"1234_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180145","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0145","volume":"377","author":"S Succi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Succi S, Coveney PV (2019) Big Data: the end of the scientific method. Philos Trans Roy Soc Math Phys Eng Sci 377:20180145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2018.0145","journal-title":"Philos Trans Roy Soc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"1234_CR42","volume-title":"The wisdom of crowds: why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, economies, societies and nations","author":"J Surowiecki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Surowiecki J (2004) The wisdom of crowds: why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, economies, societies and nations. Doubleday, New York"},{"key":"1234_CR43","volume-title":"The gold standard: the challenge of evidence-based medicine and standardization in health care","author":"S Timmermans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Timmermans S, Berg M (2010) The gold standard: the challenge of evidence-based medicine and standardization in health care. Temple University Press, Philadelphia"},{"key":"1234_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tran T et al (2014) Risk stratification using data from electronic medical records better predicts suicide risks than clinician assessments. BMC Psychiatry 14(76). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-76","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-76"},{"issue":"10","key":"1234_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106325","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5040174","volume":"28","author":"F Tretter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tretter F (2018) From mind to molecules and back to mind: metatheoretical limits and options for systems neuropsychiatry. Chaos 28(10):106325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5040174","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"issue":"2","key":"1234_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-016-9683-8","volume":"19","author":"H Vogt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vogt H, Hofmann B, Getz L (2016) The New Holism: P4 systems medicine and the medicalization of health and life itself. Med Health Care Philos 19(2):307\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-016-9683-8","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"issue":"2","key":"1234_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2903469","volume":"7","author":"S Wachter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wachter S, Mittelstadt B, Floridi L (2017) Why a right to explanation of automated decision-making does not exist in the general data protection regulation. Int Data Privacy Law 7(2):76\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2903469","journal-title":"Int Data Privacy Law"},{"key":"1234_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2019.09.003","volume":"98","author":"SM Willems","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willems SM et al (2019) The potential use of big data in oncology. Oral Oncol 98:8\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2019.09.003","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"1234_CR49","unstructured":"Williams P, Kind E (2019) Data driven policing: the hardwiring of discriminatory policing practices across Europe. European Network Against Racism, Brussels. http:\/\/bit.ly\/2PTYmSl"}],"container-title":["AI & SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01234-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01234-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01234-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T09:14:19Z","timestamp":1744190059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01234-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01234-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}