{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:28:13Z","timestamp":1776209293282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increasing implementation of and reliance on machine-learning (ML) algorithms to perform tasks, deliver services and make decisions in health and healthcare have made the need for fairness in ML, and more specifically in healthcare ML algorithms (HMLA), a very important and urgent task. However, while the debate on fairness in the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) and in HMLA has grown significantly over the last decade, the very concept of fairness as an ethical value has not yet been sufficiently explored. Our paper aims to fill this gap and address the AI ethics principle of fairness from a conceptual standpoint, drawing insights from accounts of fairness elaborated in moral philosophy and using them to conceptualise fairness as an ethical value and to redefine fairness in HMLA accordingly. To achieve our goal, following a first section aimed at clarifying the background, methodology and structure of the paper, in the second section, we provide an overview of the discussion of the AI ethics principle of fairness in HMLA and show that the concept of fairness underlying this debate is framed in purely distributive terms and overlaps with non-discrimination, which is defined in turn as the absence of biases. After showing that this framing is inadequate, in the third section, we pursue an ethical inquiry into the concept of fairness and argue that fairness ought to be conceived of as an ethical value. Following a clarification of the relationship between fairness and non-discrimination, we show that the two do not overlap and that fairness requires much more than just non-discrimination. Moreover, we highlight that fairness not only has a distributive but also a socio-relational dimension. Finally, we pinpoint the constitutive components of fairness. In doing so, we base our arguments on a renewed reflection on the concept of respect, which goes beyond the idea of equal respect to include respect for individual persons. In the fourth section, we analyse the implications of our conceptual redefinition of fairness as an ethical value in the discussion of fairness in HMLA. Here, we claim that fairness requires more than non-discrimination and the absence of biases as well as more than just distribution; it needs to ensure that HMLA respects persons both as persons and as particular individuals. Finally, in the fifth section, we sketch some broader implications and show how our inquiry can contribute to making HMLA and, more generally, AI promote the social good and a fairer society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01455-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T10:28:04Z","timestamp":1653128884000},"page":"549-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Beyond bias and discrimination: redefining the AI ethics principle of fairness in healthcare machine-learning algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Giovanola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Tiribelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1455_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abebe R, Barocas S, Kleinberg J, Levy K, Raghavan M, Robinson DG (2020) Roles for computing in social change. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3351095.3372871. ArXiv:1912.04883.","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372871"},{"key":"1455_CR2","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Beygelzimer A, Dudik M, Langford J., Wallach H (2018) A reductions approach to fair classification. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning. In Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 80: 60\u201369. Available at https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v80\/agarwal18a.html"},{"issue":"8","key":"1455_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1621284","volume":"14","author":"\u00d3 \u00c1lvarez-Machancoses","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Machancoses \u00d3, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez JL (2019) Using artificial intelligence methods to speed up drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 14(8):769\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17460441.2019.1621284","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1086\/233897","volume":"109","author":"E Anderson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anderson E (1999) What is the point of equality? Ethics 109(2):289\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/233897","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"1455_CR5","unstructured":"Angwin J, Larson J, Mattu S, Lauren K (2016) Machine bias. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing. Retrieved March 10, 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"1455_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2039485","volume":"14","author":"N Barakat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barakat N, Bradley AP, Barakat MNH (2010) Intelligible support vector machines for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 14(4):1114\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITB.2009.2039485","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"key":"1455_CR7","unstructured":"Barocas S (2014) Data mining and the discourse on discrimination. In: Proceedings of the Data Ethics Workshop, Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD). https:\/\/dataethics.github.io\/proceedings\/DataMiningandtheDiscourseOnDiscrimination.pdf. Retrieved March 10 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2477899","author":"S Barocas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barocas S, Selbst AD (2016) Big data\u2019s disparate impact. SSRN Electron J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2477899","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"1455_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.04.027","volume":"109","author":"C Barton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barton C, Chettipally U, Zhou Y, Jiang Z, Lynn-Palevsky A, Le S, Calvert J, Das R (2019) Evaluation of a machine learning algorithm for up to 48-hour advance prediction of sepsis using six vital signs. Comput Biol Med 109:79\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.04.027","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"1455_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-016-0677-0","author":"SD Baum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baum SD (2016) On the promotion of safe and socially beneficial artificial intelligence. AI Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-016-0677-0","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"1455_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin R (2019) Race after technology: abolitionist tools for the new jim code. Polity, Medford","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soz162"},{"key":"1455_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118782533","author":"R Berk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berk R, Heidari H, Jabbari S, Kearns M, Roth A (2018) Fairness in criminal justice risk assessments: the state of the art. Sociol Methods Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124118782533","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"1455_CR13","unstructured":"Binns R (2018) Fairness in machine learning: lessons from political philosophy. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1712.03586. Retrieved 11 March, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-013-9321-6","volume":"15","author":"E Bozdag","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bozdag E (2013) Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization. Ethics Inf Technol 15:209\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-013-9321-6","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"1455_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-019-04226-4","author":"A Buhmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buhmann A, Pa\u00dfmann J, Fieseler C (2019) Managing algorithmic accountability: balancing reputational concerns, engagement strategies, and the potential of rational discourse. J Bus Ethics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-019-04226-4","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"1455_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715622512","author":"J Burrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burrell J (2016) How the machine \u2018thinks\u2019: understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951715622512","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"1455_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810916","volume-title":"Measuring justice. Primary Goods and capabilities","author":"H Brighouse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brighouse H, Robeyns I (2010) Measuring justice. Primary Goods and capabilities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1086\/658897","volume":"121","author":"I Carter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carter I (2011) Respect and the basis of equality. Ethics 121(3):538\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/658897","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"issue":"11","key":"1455_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1714229","volume":"378","author":"DS Char","year":"2018","unstructured":"Char DS, Shah NH, Magnus D (2018) Implementing machine learning in health care\u2014addressing ethical challenges. N Engl J Med 378(11):981\u2013983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2019.0012","volume":"62","author":"B Chin-Yee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chin-Yee B, Upshur R (2019) Three problems with big data and artificial intelligence in medicine. Perspect Biol Med 62(2):237\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/pbm.2019.0012","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1455_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0048","volume":"33","author":"IG Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B (2014) The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. Health Aff 33(7):1139\u20131147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0048","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047","volume":"5","author":"A Chouldechova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chouldechova A (2017) Fair prediction with disparate impact: a study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. Big Data 5(2):153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/big.2016.0047","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540513480159","volume":"13","author":"S Coll","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coll S (2013) Consumption as biopower: governing bodies with loyalty cards. J Consu Cult 13(3):201\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540513480159","journal-title":"J Consu Cult"},{"key":"1455_CR24","unstructured":"Corbett-Davies S, Goel S (2018) The measure and mismeasure of fairness: a critical review of fair machine learning. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1808.00023. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR25","unstructured":"Cotter A, Jiang H, Sridharan K (2018) Two-player games for efficient non-convex constrained optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.06500."},{"key":"1455_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511624971","volume-title":"Just health care","author":"N Daniels","year":"1985","unstructured":"Daniels N (1985) Just health care. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1455_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danks D, London AJ (2017) Algorithmic bias in autonomous systems. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, pp 4691\u20134697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/654.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/654"},{"key":"1455_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1086\/292054","volume":"88","author":"S Darwall","year":"1977","unstructured":"Darwall S (1977) Two kinds of respect. Ethics 88:36\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/292054","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"1455_CR29","unstructured":"Deville J (2013) Leaky Data: How Wonga Makes Lending decisions. Charisma: Consumer Market Studies. http:\/\/www.charisma-network.net\/finance\/leaky-data-how-wonga-makes-lending-decisions. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"1455_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2016.1208053","volume":"5","author":"N Diakopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Diakopoulos N, Koliska M (2017) Algorithmic transparency in the news media. Digit J 5(7):809\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21670811.2016.1208053","journal-title":"Digit J"},{"key":"1455_CR31","unstructured":"Dieterich B, Mendoza C., Brennan T (2016) COMPAS risk scales: demonstrating accuracy equity and predictive parity performance of the COMPAS risk scales in broward county. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/COMPAS-Risk-Scales-%3A-Demonstrating-Accuracy-Equity\/cb6a2c110f9fe675799c6aefe1082bb6390fdf49. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR32","unstructured":"Dwork C, Hard M, Pitassi T, Reingold O, Zemel R (2011) Fairness through awareness. http:\/\/arxi-v.org\/abs\/1104.3913. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR33","volume-title":"Sovereign virtue: the theory and practice of equality","author":"R Dworkin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dworkin R (2000) Sovereign virtue: the theory and practice of equality. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1455_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edwards L, Veale M (2017) Slave to the algorithm? Why a right to explanationn is probably not the remedy you are looking for. SSRN Electron J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2972855.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2972855"},{"key":"1455_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198732877.001.0001","volume-title":"Discrimination and disrespect","author":"B Eidelson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eidelson B (2015) Discrimination and disrespect. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0316-z","volume":"25","author":"A Esteva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esteva A, Robicquet A, Ramsundar B, Kuleshov V, DePristo M, Chou K, Cui C, Corrado G, Thrun S, Dean J (2019) A guide to deep learning in healthcare. Nat Med 25(1):24\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0316-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1455_CR37","volume-title":"Automating inequality. How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor","author":"V Eubanks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eubanks V (2018) Automating inequality. How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St Martin\u2019s Publishing, New York"},{"key":"1455_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479854608.001.0001","volume-title":"The rise of big dtata policing. Surveillance, race, and the future of law enforcement","author":"AG Ferguson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferguson AG (2017) The rise of big dtata policing. Surveillance, race, and the future of law enforcement. New York University Press, New York"},{"issue":"7707","key":"1455_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-05267-x","volume":"557","author":"N Fleming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fleming N (2018) How artificial intelligence is changing drug discovery. Nature 557(7707):S55\u2013S57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-018-05267-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1455_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forst R (2014) Two pictures of justice. In: Justice, Democracy and the Right to Justification. Rainer Forst in Dialogue, Bloomsbury, London, pp 3\u201326.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472544735.ch-001"},{"key":"1455_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001","volume-title":"Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing","author":"M Fricker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fricker M (2007) Epistemic injustice: power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"1455_CR42","unstructured":"Friedler S, Scheidegger C, Venkatasubramanian S (2016) On the (im)possibility of fairness. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308610093_On_the_impossibility_of_fairness\/citation\/download. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1561\/110000001","volume":"11","author":"B Friedman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friedman B, Hendry DG, Borning A (2017) A survey of value sensitive design methods. Foundations and Trends\u00ae. Human Comput Interact 11(2):63\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/110000001","journal-title":"Human Comput Interact"},{"key":"1455_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuster A, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Ramadorai T, Walther A (2017) Predictably unequal? The effects of machine learning on credit markets. SSRN Electron J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3072038.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3072038"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-017-0278-y","volume":"32","author":"C Garattini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garattini C, Raffle J, Aisyah DN, Sartain F, Kozlakidis Z (2019) Big data analytics, infectious diseases and associated ethical impacts. Philos Technol 32(1):69\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-017-0278-y","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1455_CR46","unstructured":"Gillis TB, Spiess J (2019) Big data and discrimination. Univ Chicago Law Rev. https:\/\/lawreview.uchicago.edu\/sites\/lawreview.uchicago.edu\/files\/09%20Gillis%20%26%20Spiess_SYMP_Post-SA%20%28BE%29.pdf. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR47","unstructured":"Giovanola B (2018) Giustizia sociale. Eguaglianza e rispetto nelle societ\u00e0 diseguali. Il Mulino, Bologna."},{"key":"1455_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13698230.2021.1893255","author":"B Giovanola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giovanola B (2021) Justice, emotions, socially disruptive technologies. Crit Rev Int Soc Polit Philos. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13698230.2021.1893255","journal-title":"Crit Rev Int Soc Polit Philos"},{"key":"1455_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01914537211040568","author":"B Giovanola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giovanola B, Sala R (2021) The reasons of the unreasonable: is political liberalism still an option? Philos Soc Crit. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01914537211040568","journal-title":"Philos Soc Crit"},{"key":"1455_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giovanola B, Tiribelli S (2022) Weapons of Moral construction? On the value of fairness in algorithmic decision-making.\u00a0Ethics Inform Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-022-09622-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09622-5"},{"key":"1455_CR51","unstructured":"Goh G, Cotter A, Gupta M, Friedlander MP (2016) Satisfying real-world goals with dataset con- straints. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp 2415\u20132423. Available at: https:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/2016\/file\/dc4c44f624d600aa568390f1f1104aa0-Paper.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2019-105586","volume":"46","author":"T Grote","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grote T, Berens P (2020) On the ethics of algorithmic decision-making in healthcare. J Med Ethics 46(3):205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2019-105586","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"22","key":"1455_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17216","volume":"316","author":"V Gulshan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gulshan V, Peng L, Coram M, Stumpe MC, Wu D, Narayanaswamy A, Venugopalan S, Widner K, Madams T, Cuadros J, Kim R, Raman R, Nelson PC, Mega JL, Webster DR (2016) Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. JAMA 316(22):2402\u20132410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.17216","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1455_CR54","unstructured":"Hardt M, Price E, Srebro N (2016) Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1610.02413. Retrieved March 12, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65661","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2878254","volume":"6","author":"G Harerimana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harerimana G, Jang B, Kim JW, Park HK (2018) Health big data analytics: a technology survey. IEEE Access 6:65661\u201365678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2878254","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1455_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199664313.001.0001","volume-title":"Philosophical foundations of discrimination law","author":"D Hellman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hellman D, Moreau S (2013) Philosophical foundations of discrimination law. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1455_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hildebrandt M (2008) Defining profiling: a new type of knowledge?. In: Hildebrandt M, Gutwirth S (eds) Profiling the European Citizen. Springer, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-6914-7_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6914-7_2"},{"key":"1455_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinman LM (2005) Esse est indicato in Google: Ethical and Political Issues in Search Engines. International Review of Information Ethics 3. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https:\/\/informationethics.ca\/index.php\/irie\/article\/view\/345.","DOI":"10.29173\/irie345"},{"key":"1455_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hinman LM (2008) Searching ethics: the role of search engines in the construction and distribution of knowledge. In: Spink A, Zimmer M (eds) Web search. Information science and knowledge management, Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-75829-7_5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75829-7_5"},{"issue":"4","key":"1455_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001413","volume":"10","author":"SI Hay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hay SI, George DB, Moyes CL, Brownstein JS (2013) Big data opportunities for global infectious disease surveillance. PLoS Med 10(4):e1001413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001413","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1455_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11100","volume":"320","author":"G Hinton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hinton G (2018) Deep learning-a technology with the potential to transform health care. JAMA 320(11):1101\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.11100","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1455_CR62","unstructured":"Hu M (2017) Algorithmic jim crow. Fordham Law Rev. https:\/\/ir.lawnet.fordham.edu\/flr\/vol86\/iss2\/13\/. Retrieved March 10, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin A, Ienca M, Vayena E (2019) Artificial intelligence: the global landscape of ethics guidelines. Nat Mach Intell 1:389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"1455_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamishima T, Akaho S, Asoh H, Sakuma J (2012) Considerations on fairness-aware data mining. In: IEEE 12th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, Brussels, Belgium, pp 378\u2013385. http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/lpdocs\/epic03\/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6406465. Retrieved March 10, 2021","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2012.101"},{"key":"1455_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1086\/692974","volume":"128","author":"E Kelly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kelly E (2017) The historical injustice problem for political liberalism. Ethics 128:75\u201394","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"1455_CR66","unstructured":"Kim PT (2017) Data-driven discrimination at work. 58 Wm. & Mary L. Rev 857(3). https:\/\/scholarship.law.wm.edu\/wmlr\/vol58\/iss3\/4. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx032","author":"J Kleinberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kleinberg J, Lakkaraju H, Leskovec J, Ludwig J, Mullainathan S (2017) Human decisions and machine predictions. Q J Econ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjx032","journal-title":"Q J Econ"},{"key":"1455_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199656967.001.0001","volume-title":"A theory of discrimination law","author":"T Khaitan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khaitan T (2015) A theory of discrimination law. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010676701382","volume":"66","author":"WJ Kuo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuo WJ, Chang RF, Chen DR, Lee CC (2001) Data mining with decision trees for diagnosis of breast tumor in medical ultrasonic images. Breast Cancer Res Treat 66(1):51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1010676701382","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/ean018","volume":"17","author":"EB Laidlaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laidlaw EB (2008) Private power, public interest: an examination of search engine accountability. Int J Law Inform Technol 17(1):113\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijlit\/ean018","journal-title":"Int J Law Inform Technol"},{"key":"1455_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199796113.001.0001","volume-title":"Born free and equal? A philosophical inquiry into the nature of discrimination","author":"K Lippert-Rasmussen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lippert-Rasmussen K (2013) Born free and equal? A philosophical inquiry into the nature of discrimination. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1455_CR72","unstructured":"Lobosco K (2013) Facebook friends could change your credit score. CNN Business. https:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2013\/08\/26\/technology\/social\/facebook-credit-score\/index.html. . Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansoury M, Abdollahpouri H, Pechenizkiy M, Mobasher B, Burke R (2020) Feedback loop and bias amplification in recommender systems. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA: 2145\u20132148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3340531.3412152.","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412152"},{"issue":"5","key":"1455_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30065-0","volume":"2","author":"MD McCradden","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCradden MD, Joshi S, Mazwi M, Anderson JA (2020) Ethical limitations of algorithmic fairness solutions in health care machine learning. Lancet Digital Health 2(5):e221\u2013e223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30065-0","journal-title":"Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"1455_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716679679","author":"BD Mittelstadt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mittelstadt BD, Allo P, Taddeo M, Wachter S, Floridi L (2016) The ethics of algorithms: mapping the debate. Big Data Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951716679679","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2015.02.001","volume":"24","author":"S Newell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newell S, Marabelli M (2015) Strategic opportunities (and challenges) of algorithmic decision-making: a call for action on the long-term societal effects of \u2018datificaion.\u2019 J Strateg Inf Syst 24(1):3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsis.2015.02.001","journal-title":"J Strateg Inf Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.2010.01181.x","volume":"38","author":"S Moreau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreau S (2010) What is discrimination? Philos Public Aff 38(2):143\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1088-4963.2010.01181.x","journal-title":"Philos Public Aff"},{"key":"1455_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113172","volume":"260","author":"J Morley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morley J, Machado C, Burr C, Cowls J, Joshi I, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2020) The ethics of AI in health care: a mapping review. Soc Sci Med 260:113172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113172","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1455_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001","volume-title":"Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism","author":"SU Noble","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noble SU (2018) Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press, New York"},{"key":"1455_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/00455091.1999.10717521","volume":"29","author":"R Noggle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Noggle R (1999) Kantian respect and particular persons. Can J Philos 29:449\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00455091.1999.10717521","journal-title":"Can J Philos"},{"key":"1455_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m363","volume":"368","author":"P Noor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noor P (2020) Can we trust AI not to further embed racial bias and prejudice? BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 368:m363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m363","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0320-3","volume":"25","author":"B Norgeot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norgeot B, Glicksberg BS, Butte AJ (2019) A call for deep-learning healthcare. Nat Med 25(1):14\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0320-3","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1455_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342","volume":"366","author":"Z Obermeyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obermeyer Z, Powers B, Vogeli C, Mullainathan S (2019) Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science 366:447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aax2342","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1455_CR84","unstructured":"Ochigame R (2019) The invention of \u201cEthical AI\u201d. https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2019\/12\/20\/mit-ethical-ai-artificial-intelligence\/. Retrieved March 10, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR85","volume-title":"Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy","author":"C O\u2019Neil","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil C (2016) Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown, New York"},{"key":"1455_CR86","unstructured":"Overdorf R, Kulynych B, Balsa E, Troncoso C, G\u00fcrse S (2018) Questioning the assumptions behind fairness solutions. ArXiv:1811.11293. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR87","volume-title":"The filter bubble","author":"E Pariser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pariser E (2011) The filter bubble. Penguin, New York"},{"key":"1455_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736061","volume-title":"The black box society: the secret algorithms that control money and information","author":"F Pasquale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasquale F (2015) The black box society: the secret algorithms that control money and information. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1455_CR89","unstructured":"Pleiss G, Raghavan M, Wu F, Kleinberg J, Weinberger KQ (2017) On fairness and calibration. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS'17). Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, pp 5684\u20135693."},{"issue":"12","key":"1455_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1990","volume":"169","author":"A Rajkomar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajkomar A, Hardt M, Howell MD, Corrado G, Chin MH (2018) Ensuring fairness in machine learning to advance health equity. Ann Intern Med 169(12):866\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1455_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605","volume-title":"A theory of justice","author":"J Rawls","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rawls J (1971) A theory of justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1455_CR92","unstructured":"Richardson R, Schultz J, Crawford K (2019) Dirty data, bad predictions: how civil rights violations impact police data, predictive policing systems, and justice. N.Y.U. L. Review 94(192). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3333423. Retrieved March 10, 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"1455_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-019-09509-3","volume":"29","author":"S Robbins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robbins S (2019) A misdirected principle with a catch: explicability for AI. Mind Mach 29(4):495\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-019-09509-3","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"issue":"5","key":"1455_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888913000039","volume":"29","author":"A Romei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romei A, Ruggieri S (2014) A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis. Knowl Eng Rev 29(5):582\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0269888913000039","journal-title":"Knowl Eng Rev"},{"key":"1455_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandel M (1984) The procedural republic and the unencumbered self. Polit Theory 12: 81\u201396. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/191382. Retrieved March 11, 2021","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591784012001005"},{"key":"1455_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangiovanni A (2017) Humanity without dignity. Moral equality, respect, and human rights. Harvard University Press, Cambridge","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674977440"},{"key":"1455_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selbst AD, Boyd D, Friedler AS, Venkatasubramanian S, Vertesi J (2019) Fairness and abstraction in sociotechnical systems. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency - FAT* \u201919, 59\u201368. ACM Press. Atlanta, GA, USA: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287598.","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"1455_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09529-4","author":"M Seng Ah Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seng Ah Lee M, Floridi L (2020) Algorithmic fairness in mortgage lending: from absolute conditions to relational trade-offs. Minds Mach. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09529-4","journal-title":"Minds Mach"},{"issue":"2128","key":"1455_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170362","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2017.0362","volume":"376","author":"H Shah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shah H (2018) Algorithmic accountability. Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci 376(2128):20170362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2017.0362","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1455_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476420919691","volume":"21","author":"S Shapiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shapiro S (2020) Algorithmic television in the age of large-scale customization. Televis New Med 21(6):658\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1527476420919691","journal-title":"Televis New Med"},{"key":"1455_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv24w638g","volume-title":"Dark ghettos: injustice, dissent, and reform","author":"T Shelby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shelby T (2016) Dark ghettos: injustice, dissent, and reform. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1455_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.019","volume":"98","author":"D Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin D, Park YJ (2019) Role of fairness, accountability, and transparency in algorithmic affordance. Comput Hum Behav 98:277\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.019","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1455_CR103","unstructured":"Simonite T (2020) Meet the secret algorithm that's keeping students out of college. Wired. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/algorithm-set-students-grades-altered-futures\/. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"key":"1455_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheffler S (2003) What is egalitarianism?. Philos Public Affairs 31(1): 5\u201339. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3558033. Retrieved March 11, 2021","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.2003.00005.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","volume":"25","author":"EJ Topol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Topol EJ (2019) High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med 25(1):44\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1455_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030360","author":"BX Tran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tran BX, Vu GT, Ha GH, Vuong QH, Ho MT, Vuong TT, Ho RCM (2019) Global evolution of research in artificial intelligence in health and medicine: a bibliometric study. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8030360","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1455_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01154-8","author":"A Tsamados","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsamados A, Aggarwal N, Cowls J, Morley J, Roberts H, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2021) The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions. AI Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01154-8","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"1455_CR108","unstructured":"Tufekci Z (2015) Algorithmic harms beyond Facebook and Google: Emergent challenges of computational agency. J Telecommun High Technol Law 13(203). https:\/\/ctlj.colorado.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Tufekci-final.pdf. Retrieved March 11, 2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-06-2018-0056","volume":"16","author":"N Turner Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turner Lee N (2018) Detecting racial bias in algorithms and machine learning. J Inf Commun Ethics Soc 16(3):252\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JICES-06-2018-0056","journal-title":"J Inf Commun Ethics Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00104-4","volume":"26","author":"S Umbrello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Umbrello S (2020) Imaginative value sensitive design: using moral imagination theory to inform responsible technology design. Sci Eng Ethics 26(2):575\u2013595","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-021-00038-3","volume":"1","author":"S Umbrello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umbrello S, van de Poel I (2021) Mapping value sensitive design onto AI for social good principles. AI Ethics 1(3):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00038-3","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"1455_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Hoven J, Vermaas PE, van de Poel I (2015) Handbook of ethics, values, and technological design.\u00a0Sources, theory, values and application domains. Springer. ISBN: 978-94-007-6969-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6970-0"},{"issue":"9","key":"1455_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","volume":"383","author":"DA Vyas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (2020) Hidden in plain sight\u2014reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms. N Engl J Med 383(9):874\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1455_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674978867","volume-title":"One another\u2019s equal. The basis of human equality","author":"J Waldron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waldron J (2017) One another\u2019s equal. The basis of human equality. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1455_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139165860","volume-title":"Moral Luck: Philosophical papers 1973\u20131980","author":"B Williams","year":"1981","unstructured":"Williams B (1981) Persons, character and morality. Moral Luck: Philosophical papers 1973\u20131980. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1\u201319"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.1998.tb00063.x","volume":"27","author":"J Wolff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wolff J (1998) Fairness respect, and the egalitarian ethos. Philos Public Affairs 27(2):97\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1088-4963.1998.tb00063.x","journal-title":"Philos Public Affairs"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"1455_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10892-010-9085-8","volume":"14","author":"J Wolff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolff J (2010) Fairness, respect, and the egalitarian \u201cethos\u201d revisited. J Ethics 14(3\/4):335\u2013350","journal-title":"J Ethics"},{"key":"1455_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","author":"P Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong P (2019) Democratizing algorithmic fairness. Philos Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1455_CR119","unstructured":"Zafar MB, Valera I, Gomez Rodriguez M, Gummadi KP (2015) Fairness constraints: Mechanisms for fair classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.05259."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01722-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000}}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01455-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01455-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01455-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T17:05:35Z","timestamp":1690477535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01455-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01455-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2023","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original version of this article was revised due to a retrospective open access order.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2023","order":7,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":8,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01722-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01722-0","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}