{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:12:50Z","timestamp":1762377170642,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01461-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T09:05:25Z","timestamp":1652346325000},"page":"937-946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How virtue signalling makes us better: moral preferences with respect to autonomous vehicle type choices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Kopecky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Jirout Ko\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7857-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Novotn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Flegr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"\u010cern\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1461_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.10341","volume":"119","author":"Y Aoyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aoyama Y, Alvarez Leon LF (2021) Urban governance and autonomous vehicles. Cities 119:103410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2021.10341","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"7729","key":"1461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0637-6","volume":"563","author":"E Awad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Awad E, Dsouza S, Kim R, Schulz J, Henrich J, Shariff A, Bonnefon JF, Rahwan I (2018) The moral machine experiment. Nature 563(7729):59\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0637-6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"1461_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2009.07.004","volume":"31","author":"T Bereczkei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bereczkei T, Birkas B, Kerekes Z (2010) Altruism towards strangers in need: costly signaling in an industrial society. Evol Hum Behav 31(2):95\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2009.07.004","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"issue":"6293","key":"1461_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2654","volume":"352","author":"JF Bonnefon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonnefon JF, Shariff A, Rahwan I (2016) The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science 352(6293):1573\u20131576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf2654","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1461_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407517749331","volume":"36","author":"M Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown M, Sacco DF (2017) Is pulling the lever sexy? Deontology as a downstream cue to long-term mate quality. J Soc Pers Relat 36(3):957\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407517749331","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relat"},{"issue":"7","key":"1461_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.01.010","volume":"52","author":"AP Buunk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buunk AP, Massar K (2012) Intrasexual competition among males: competitive towards men, prosocial towards women. Personal Individ Differ 52(7):818\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2012.01.010","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"1461_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101751","volume":"51","author":"A Chehri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chehri A, Mouftah HT (2019) Autonomous vehicles in the sustainable cities, the beginning of a green adventure. Sustain Cities Soc 51:101751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101751","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-017-9211-z","volume":"25","author":"G Contissa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Contissa G, Lagioia F, Sartor G (2017) The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law. Artif Intell Law 25(3):365\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-017-9211-z","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"1461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0308518x17738535","volume":"50","author":"F Cugurullo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cugurullo F (2017) Exposing smart cities and eco-cities: frankenstein urbanism and the sustainability challenges of the experimental city. Environ Plan a: Econ Space 50(1):73\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0308518x17738535","journal-title":"Environ Plan a: Econ Space"},{"key":"1461_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315652627","volume-title":"Frankenstein urbanism (Routledge studies in urbanism and the city)","author":"F Cugurullo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cugurullo F (2021) Frankenstein urbanism (Routledge studies in urbanism and the city), 1st edn. Routledge, London","edition":"1"},{"issue":"6","key":"1461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2020.1746096","volume":"42","author":"F Cugurullo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cugurullo F, Acheampong RA, Gueriau M, Dusparic I (2020) The transition to autonomous cars, the redesign of cities and the future of urban sustainability. Urban Geogr 42(6):833\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02723638.2020.1746096","journal-title":"Urban Geogr"},{"key":"1461_CR12","first-page":"282","volume":"2","author":"R Dawkins","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dawkins R, Krebs JR (1978) Animal signals: information or manipulation. Behav Ecol: Evolut Approach 2:282\u2013309","journal-title":"Behav Ecol: Evolut Approach"},{"key":"1461_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Sio FS (2017) Killing by autonomous vehicles and the legal doctrine of necessity. Ethical Theory Moral Pract 20(2):411\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10677-017-9780-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10677-017-9780-7"},{"key":"1461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2020.1866392","author":"R Dowling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dowling R, McGuirk P (2020) Autonomous vehicle experiments and the city. Urban Geogr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02723638.2020.1866392","journal-title":"Urban Geogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1461_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-018-0307-5","volume":"32","author":"S Epting","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epting S (2018) Automated vehicles and transportation justice. PhilosTechnol 32(3):389\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-018-0307-5","journal-title":"PhilosTechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.005","volume":"34","author":"S Fehrler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fehrler S, Przepiorka W (2013) Charitable giving as a signal of trustworthiness: disentangling the signaling benefits of altruistic acts. Evol Hum Behav 34(2):139\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.005","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"key":"1461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/0199252866.003.0002","volume-title":"Virtues and vices and other essays in moral philosophy","author":"P Foot","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foot P (2002) The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. In: Foot P (ed) Virtues and vices and other essays in moral philosophy. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 19\u201333 (Originally appeared in Oxford Review, 5, 1967)"},{"key":"1461_CR17","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects","author":"JC Gerdes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerdes JC, Thornton SM (2016) Implementable ethics for autonomous vehicles. In: Mauer M et al (eds) Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects. Springer, Berlin\/Heidelberg, pp 87\u2013102"},{"key":"1461_CR18","unstructured":"German ministry of transportation. Report. (2017). https:\/\/www.bmvi.de\/SharedDocs\/EN\/publications\/report-ethics-commission.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"},{"issue":"3","key":"1461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-016-9806-x","volume":"23","author":"J Gogoll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gogoll J, M\u00fcller JF (2016) Autonomous cars: in favor of a mandatory ethics setting. Sci Eng Ethics 23(3):681\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-016-9806-x","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1461_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3141\/2424-07","volume":"2424","author":"NJ Goodall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goodall NJ (2014) Ethical decision making during automated vehicle crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2424(1):58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/2424-07","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"},{"key":"1461_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.010","volume":"78","author":"CJ Haboucha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haboucha CJ, Ishaq R, Shiftan Y (2017) User preferences regarding autonomous vehicles. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 78:37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.010","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1461_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206291006","volume":"32","author":"CL Hardy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hardy CL, van Vugt M (2006) Nice guys finish first: the competitive altruism hypothesis. Persnal Soc Psychol Bull 32(10):1402\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167206291006","journal-title":"Persnal Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1461_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.10.001","volume":"102","author":"LM Hulse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hulse LM, Xie H, Galea ER (2018) Perceptions of autonomous vehicles: Relationships with road users, risk, gender and age. Saf Sci 102:1\u201313","journal-title":"Safety science"},{"key":"1461_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198239165.001.0001","volume-title":"The limits of morality (Oxford ethics series)","author":"S Kagan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kagan S (1991) The limits of morality (Oxford ethics series), Revised. Clarendon Press, Oxford","edition":"Revised"},{"issue":"2","key":"1461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.12075","volume":"38","author":"A Karvonen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karvonen A, van Heur B (2013) Urban laboratories: experiments in reworking cities. Int J Urban Reg Res 38(2):379\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-2427.12075","journal-title":"Int J Urban Reg Res"},{"issue":"7730","key":"1461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0647-4","volume":"563","author":"GT Kraft-Todd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kraft-Todd GT, Bollinger B, Gillingham K, Lamp S, Rand DG (2018) Credibility-enhancing displays promote the provision of non-normative public goods. Nature 563(7730):245\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0647-4","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"18","key":"1461_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.070","volume":"23","author":"ME Laidre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laidre ME, Johnstone RA (2013) Animal signals. Curr Biol 23(18):R829\u2013R833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.070","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1461_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.004","volume":"39","author":"M Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee M, Sul S, Kim H (2018) Social observation increases deontological judgments in moral dilemmas. Evol Hum Behav 39(6):611\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.004","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"key":"1461_CR29","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects","author":"P Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin P (2015) Why ethics matters for autonomous cars. In: Maurer M et al (eds) Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects. Springer, Berlin\/Heidelberg, pp 69\u201385"},{"issue":"4","key":"1461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-017-0284-0","volume":"30","author":"C Luetge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luetge C (2017) The German ethics code for automated and connected driving. Philos Technol 30(4):547\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-017-0284-0","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1461_CR31","volume-title":"Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects","author":"M Maurer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maurer M et al (2016) Autonomous driving. Technical, legal and social aspects. Springer, Berlin\/Heidelberg"},{"key":"1461_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.07.022","volume":"121","author":"J Moody","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moody J, Bailey N, Zhao J (2020) Public perceptions of autonomous vehicle safety: an international comparison. Saf Sci 121:634\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.07.022","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"1461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.03.004","volume":"66","author":"TAS Nielsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen TAS, Haustein S (2018) On sceptics and enthusiasts: What are the expectations towards self-driving cars? Transp Policy 66:49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.03.004","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"1461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noothigattu R, Gaikwad S, Awad E, Dsouza S, Rahwan I, Ravikumar P, Procaccia A (2018) A voting-based system for ethical decision making. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 1.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11512"},{"issue":"6685","key":"1461_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/31225","volume":"393","author":"MA Nowak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nowak MA, Sigmund K (1998) Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature 393(6685):573\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/31225","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"1461_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12507","volume":"13","author":"S Nyholm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nyholm S (2018) The ethics of crashes with self-driving cars: a roadmap, I. Philos Compass 13(7):e12507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phc3.12507","journal-title":"Philos Compass"},{"issue":"5","key":"1461_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10677-016-9745-2","volume":"19","author":"S Nyholm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nyholm S, Smids J (2016) The ethics of accident-algorithms for self-driving cars: an applied trolley problem? Ethical Theory Moral Pract 19(5):1275\u20131289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10677-016-9745-2","journal-title":"Ethical Theory Moral Pract"},{"key":"1461_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.05.003","volume":"55","author":"P Olivella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olivella P, Siciliani L (2017) Reputational concerns with altruistic providers. J Health Econ 55:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.05.003","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"10","key":"1461_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20922","volume":"33","author":"P Puska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Puska P, Kurki S, L\u00e4hdesm\u00e4ki M, Siltaoja M, Luomala H (2016) Male-male status signaling through favoring organic foods: is the signaler perceived and treated as a friend or a foe? Psychol Mark 33(10):843\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mar.20922","journal-title":"Psychol Mark"},{"issue":"12","key":"1461_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0711-6","volume":"3","author":"J Savulescu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Savulescu J, Kahane G, Gyngell C (2019) From public preferences to ethical policy. Nat Hum Behav 3(12):1241\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-019-0711-6","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"1461_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-004-0885-3","volume":"57","author":"D Semmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semmann D, Krambeck HJ, Milinski M (2005) Reputation is valuable within and outside one\u2019s own social group. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 57(6):611\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-004-0885-3","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1461_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0202-6","volume":"1","author":"A Shariff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shariff A, Bonnefon JF, Rahwan I (2017) Psychological roadblocks to the adoption of self-driving vehicles. Nat Hum Behav 1(10):694\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-017-0202-6","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"1461_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.007","volume":"71","author":"A Talebpour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Talebpour A, Mahmassani HS (2016) Influence of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic flow stability and throughput. Transp Rest Part c: Emergtechnol 71:143\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.007","journal-title":"Transp Rest Part c: Emergtechnol"},{"key":"1461_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2307\/796133","volume":"94","author":"JJ Thomson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thomson JJ (1985) The trolley problem. Yale Law J 94:1395\u20131415","journal-title":"Yale Law J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1461_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(75)90111-3","volume":"53","author":"A Zahavi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Zahavi A (1975) Mate selection\u2014a selection for a handicap. J Theor Biol 53(1):205\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-5193(75)90111-3","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01461-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01461-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01461-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T06:04:05Z","timestamp":1688105045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01461-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01461-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}