{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:20:58Z","timestamp":1775784058396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As China and the United States strive to be the primary global leader in AI, their visions are coming into conflict. This is frequently painted as a fundamental clash of civilisations, with evidence\u00a0based primarily around each country\u2019s current political system and present geopolitical tensions. However, such a narrow view claims to extrapolate into the future from an analysis of a momentary situation, ignoring a wealth of historical factors that influence each country\u2019s prevailing philosophy of technology and thus their overarching AI strategies. In this article, we build a philosophy-of-technology-grounded framework to analyse what differences in Chinese and American AI policies exist and, on a fundamental level, <jats:italic>why<\/jats:italic> they exist. We support this with Natural Language Processing methods to provide an evidentiary basis for our analysis of policy differences. By looking at documents from three different American presidential administrations\u2013\u2013Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden\u2013\u2013as well as both national and local policy documents (many available only in Chinese) from China, we provide a thorough comparative analysis of policy differences. This article fills a gap in US\u2013China AI policy comparison and constructs a framework for understanding the origin and trajectory of policy differences. By investigating what factors are informing each country\u2019s philosophy of technology and thus their overall approach to AI policy, we argue that while significant obstacles to cooperation remain, there is room for dialogue and mutual growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01499-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T13:04:19Z","timestamp":1656162259000},"page":"257-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Artificial intelligence with American values and Chinese characteristics: a comparative analysis of American and Chinese governmental AI policies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5891-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmie","family":"Hine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5444-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Floridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1499_CR1","unstructured":"About (2021) The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/www.nscai.gov\/about\/"},{"key":"1499_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya A, Arnold Z (2019) Chinese public AI R&D spending: provisional findings. 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