{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:15:54Z","timestamp":1783444554250,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002666","name":"Aalto University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cities today are dynamic urban ecosystems with evolving physical, socio-cultural, and technological infrastructures. Many contestations arise from the effects of inequitable access and intersecting crises currently faced by cities, which may be amplified by the algorithmic and data-centric infrastructures being introduced in urban contexts. In this article, I argue for a critical lens into how inter-related urban technologies, big data and policies, constituted as Urban AI, offer both challenges and opportunities. I examine scenarios of contestations in <jats:italic>urban mobility<\/jats:italic>, defined broadly to include equitable access, movement, and liberty to engage with the socio-cultural, political, and urban fabric of cities. I anchor my arguments through a framework of <jats:italic>rights, risks,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>responsibilities<\/jats:italic> for critically examining and configuring the roles, values and ethical implications for all stakeholders including human, AI and non-human entities within an urban ecosystem. As a way forward, I examine the European Commission\u2019s proposed regulations on AI systems through an illustrative case study of an automated parking control system introduced by the City of Amsterdam. In moving beyond the city to broader urban ecosystems, I highlight the role of engaging Indigenous perspectives for designing and reconciling the implications of equitable and sustainable Urban AI ecosystems in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01502-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1656936677000},"page":"1083-1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Contestations in urban mobility: rights, risks, and responsibilities for Urban AI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Sawhney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1502_CR1","unstructured":"Aale L (2016) Experiencing and evaluating digitally augmented public urban places. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis H"},{"key":"1502_CR2","unstructured":"Aale L, Johanna Y (2020) Artificial intelligence and risk in design. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, pp 1235\u20131244"},{"key":"1502_CR3","unstructured":"Aarian M (2018) Still smarting from uber, cities wise up about scooter data. Wired."},{"key":"1502_CR4","volume-title":"Augmented urban spaces: articulating the physical and electronic city","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alessandro A, de Fiorella C (eds) (2008) Augmented urban spaces: articulating the physical and electronic city. Ashgate Publishing"},{"key":"1502_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2694-3_13","volume-title":"The hackable city: digital media and collaborative city-making in the network society","author":"I Anastasiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anastasiu I (2019) Unpacking the smart city through the lens of the right to the city: a taxonomy as a way forward in participatory city-making. In: de Lange M, de Waal M (eds) The hackable city: digital media and collaborative city-making in the network society. Springer, Singapore, pp 239\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-2694-3_13"},{"key":"1502_CR7","unstructured":"Andrew C, Kurt O, Bennett C (2020) The challenge of proximity apps for COVID-19 contact tracing. Blog Post, Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 15.6.2020."},{"key":"1502_CR5","unstructured":"Berke A, Larson K (2020) Contact tracing technologies: methods and trade-offs. White Paper, City Science Group, MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 15.6.2020"},{"issue":"27","key":"1502_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007658117","volume":"117","author":"G Bonaccorsi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonaccorsi G, Pierri F, Cinelli M, Flori A, Galeazzi A, Porcelli F, Schmidt AL, Valensise CM, Scala A, Quattrociocchi W, Pammolli F (2020) Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117(27):15530\u201315535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2007658117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1502_CR10","unstructured":"Buolamwini J, Gebru T (2018) Gender shades: intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, in PMLR 81:77\u201391."},{"key":"1502_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/9781787691391","volume-title":"The Right to the Smart City","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cardullo P, Di Feliciantonio C, Kitchin R (eds) (2019) The Right to the Smart City. Emerald Publishing Limited. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/9781787691391"},{"key":"1502_CR12","volume-title":"Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy","author":"O Cathy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cathy O (2016) Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown Publishing Group, USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"1502_CR13","first-page":"745","volume":"66","author":"M Chantal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chantal M (1999) Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism? Soc Res 66(3):745\u2013758","journal-title":"Soc Res"},{"key":"1502_CR14","volume-title":"Agonistics: thinking the world politically","author":"M Chantal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chantal M (2013) Agonistics: thinking the world politically. Verso Books"},{"key":"1502_CR15","unstructured":"Chris G (2014) NYC taxi data blunder reveals which celebs don\u2019t tip\u2013and who frequents strip clubs. Fast Company."},{"issue":"7","key":"1502_CR16","first-page":"2021","volume":"2","author":"City of Amsterdam","year":"2020","unstructured":"City of Amsterdam (2020) Documentation of automated parking control system. Retrieved 2(7):2021","journal-title":"Retrieved"},{"key":"1502_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clarke R, Heitlinger S, Light A, Forlano L, Foth M, DiSalvo C (2019) More-than human participation: design for sustainable smart city futures. Interactions 26(3):60\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319075","DOI":"10.1145\/3319075"},{"issue":"1","key":"1502_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2020.1836514","volume":"13","author":"J Couture","year":"2021","unstructured":"Couture J (2021) Reflections from the \u201cStrava-sphere\u201d: Kudos, community, and (self-) surveillance on a social network for athletes. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health 13(1):184\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2020.1836514","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR19","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"K Crawford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crawford K et al (2019) AI now 2019 report. New York: AI Now Institute Retrieved 15(6):2020","journal-title":"New York: AI Now Institute Retrieved"},{"key":"1502_CR20","unstructured":"Dastin J (2020) Microsoft to divest AnyVision stake, end face recognition investing. Technology News"},{"key":"1502_CR21","first-page":"23","volume":"53","author":"H David","year":"2008","unstructured":"David H (2008) The right to the city. New Left Review II 53:23\u201340","journal-title":"New Left Review II"},{"key":"1502_CR22","volume-title":"Anonymous COVID-19 contact tracing using physical tokens","author":"EIT Digital","year":"2020","unstructured":"Digital EIT (2020) Anonymous COVID-19 contact tracing using physical tokens. EIT Digital, Berlin"},{"key":"1502_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12462","author":"L Dobusch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobusch L, Kreissl K (2020) Privilege and burden of im-\/mobility governance: On the reinforcement of inequalities during a pandemic lockdown. Gend Work Organ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwao.12462","journal-title":"Gend Work Organ"},{"key":"1502_CR24","unstructured":"Falanga R (2020) Citizen participation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from local practices in European cities. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung"},{"issue":"1","key":"1502_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-10-2017-0051","volume":"7","author":"M Foth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foth M (2018) Participatory urban informatics: towards citizen-ability. Smart Sustain Built Environ 7(1):4\u201319","journal-title":"Smart Sustain Built Environ"},{"key":"1502_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-287-919-6","volume-title":"Citizen's right to the digital city: urban interfaces, activism, and placemaking","author":"M Foth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foth M, Brynskov M, Ojala T (2015) Citizen\u2019s right to the digital city: urban interfaces, activism, and placemaking. Springer, Singapore"},{"key":"1502_CR27","unstructured":"Foth M, Caldwell GA, Fredericks J (2021) A COVID-19 horizon scan looking for post-pandemic implications for design. Proceedings of Cumulus Roma 2021\u2014Design Culture(s). Cumulus conference, Rome, Italy. https:\/\/eprints.qut.edu.au\/209728\/"},{"key":"1502_CR29","unstructured":"Gencoglu O (2020) Computer vision for crowd analysis. Webinar, FCAI and HiDATA"},{"issue":"4","key":"1502_CR01","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1162\/desi_a_00612","volume":"36","author":"E Giaccardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giaccardi E, Redstr\u00f6m J (2020) Technology and more-than-human design. Des Issues 36(4):33\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/desi_a_00612","journal-title":"Des Issues"},{"key":"1502_CR30","unstructured":"Google (2020) Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology. Press Release"},{"key":"1502_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham M, Maloney M (2019) Caring for country and rights of nature in Australia: A conversation between earth jurisprudence and aboriginal law and ethics. In: La Follette C, Maser C (eds) Sustainability and the rights of nature in practice. CRC Press. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Sustainability-and-the-Rights-of-Nature-in-Practice\/Follette-Maser\/p\/book\/9781138584518","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429505959-19"},{"key":"1502_CR32","unstructured":"Haataja M, van de Fliert L, Pasi R (2020) Public AI Registers: Realising AI transparency and civic participation in government use of AI. Whitepaper Version 1.0, Saidot.ai."},{"key":"1502_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heitlinger S, Bryan-Kinns N, Comber R (2019) The right to the sustainable smart city. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300517","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300517"},{"key":"1502_CR34","unstructured":"Honkela A (2020) Privacy-preserving contact statistics collection for COVID-19 epidemic management. Online lecture, ELLIS Society. Retrieved 15.6.2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"1502_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13604810802479126","volume":"12","author":"RG Hollands","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hollands RG (2008) Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City 12(3):303\u2013320","journal-title":"City"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR36","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"WD Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones WD (2020) Racial profiling goes high tech with facial recognition. IEEE Spectr Retriev 15(6):2020","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr Retriev"},{"key":"1502_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160115","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0115","volume":"374","author":"R Kitchin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kitchin R (2016) The ethics of smart cities and urban science. Phil Trans R Soc A 374:20160115","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc A"},{"key":"1502_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13562576.2020.1770587","author":"R Kitchin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kitchin R (2020) Civil liberties or public health, or civil liberties and public health? Using surveillance technologies to tackle the spread of COVID-19. Sp Polity. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13562576.2020.1770587","journal-title":"Sp Polity"},{"key":"1502_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitchin R (2019) Reframing, reimagining and remaking smart cities. Creating smart cities, pp 219\u2013230.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351182409-17"},{"key":"1502_CR40","unstructured":"Kite S (2020) How to build anything ethically. In: Indigenous protocol and artificial intelligence position paper. Project Report. (Eds Jason Edward Lewis, et al). Indigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Working Group and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Honolulu, HI"},{"key":"1502_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kukutai T, Taylor J (Eds) (2016) Indigenous data sovereignty: toward an agenda. Australian National University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22459\/CAEPR38.11.2016","DOI":"10.22459\/CAEPR38.11.2016"},{"key":"1502_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2019.10.010","volume":"42","author":"N Latulippe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Latulippe N, Klenk N (2020) Making room and moving over: knowledge co-production, Indigenous knowledge sovereignty and the politics of global environmental change decision-making. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 42:7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosust.2019.10.010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sustain"},{"key":"1502_CR43","unstructured":"Luz L (2018) In the move toward personal mobility devices, D.C.\u2019s poorest are left behind\u2014again. The Washington Post."},{"key":"1502_CR44","unstructured":"Lefebvre H (1968) Le droit \u00e0 la ville. Paris: Anthropos."},{"key":"1502_CR45","unstructured":"Lefebvre H (1996) The right to the city, in kofman, eleonore; lebas, Elizabeth. In: Writings on cities. Cambridge: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 158."},{"key":"1502_CR46","unstructured":"Lewis JE, et al. (2020) Indigenous protocol and artificial intelligence position paper. Project Report. Indigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Working Group and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Honolulu, HI."},{"key":"1502_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loh S, Foth M, Caldwell GA, Garcia-Hansen V, Thomson M (2020) A more than-human perspective on understanding the performance of the built environment. Archit Sci Rev 63(3-4):372\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00038628.2019.1708258","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2019.1708258"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR48","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"N Lomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lomas N (2020) Norway pulls its coronavirus contacts-tracing app after privacy watchdog\u2019s warning. Tech Crunch 15(6):2020","journal-title":"Tech Crunch"},{"key":"1502_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luusua A, Ylipulli J, R\u00f6nkk\u00f6 E (2017) Nonanthropocentric design and smart cities in the anthropocene. IT \u2013 Inf Technol 59(6):299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/itit-2017-0007","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2017-0007"},{"key":"1502_CR100","unstructured":"Lupton D (2019) Data selves: more-than human perspectives. Wiley"},{"issue":"9","key":"1502_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24387","volume":"71","author":"M Mann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mann M et al (2020) #BlockSidewalk to Barcelona: Technological sovereignty and the social license to operate smart cities. J Am Soc Inf Sci 71(9):1103\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24387","journal-title":"J Am Soc Inf Sci"},{"key":"1502_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mann M et al. (2021) Between surveillance and technological solutionism: a critique of \u201cprivacy-preserving\u201d apps for COVID-19 contact-tracing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3717370","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3717370"},{"key":"1502_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattern S (2021) A city is not a computer: other urban intelligences. Princeton University Press. https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691208053\/a-city-is-not-a-computer","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1h9dgtj"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR53","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"D Meyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer D (2020) IBM pulls out of facial recognition, fearing racial profiling and mass surveillance. Fortune Retriev 15(6):2020","journal-title":"Fortune Retriev"},{"key":"1502_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mendes L (2020) How can we quarantine without a home? Responses of activism and urban social movements in times of COVID-19 pandemic crisis in lisbon. Tijds voor econ en Soc Geog 111:318-332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tesg.12450","DOI":"10.1111\/tesg.12450"},{"key":"1502_CR55","unstructured":"Michel B-L, et al (2020) Statement on essential principles and practices for COVID-19 contact tracing applications. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM Europe Technology Policy Committee). May 5, 2020."},{"key":"1502_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moon MJ (2020) Fighting COVID-19 with agility, transparency, and participation: wicked policy problems and new governance challenges. Public Admin Rev 80:651-656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/puar.13214","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13214"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR56","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"T Moony","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moony T, Baek G (2020) Is artificial intelligence making racial profiling worse? CBS News Retriev 15(6):2020","journal-title":"CBS News Retriev"},{"key":"1502_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001","volume-title":"Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism","author":"SU Noble","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noble SU (2018) Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press"},{"key":"1502_CR59","unstructured":"Oldenburg R (1989) The great good place: cafes. coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day. Paragon House Publishers."},{"issue":"8","key":"1502_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320924437","volume":"47","author":"H Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan H, Chen S, Gao Y, Deal B, Liu J (2020) An urban informatics approach to understanding residential mobility in Metro Chicago. Environ Plann B Urban Anal City Sci 47(8):1456\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2399808320924437","journal-title":"Environ Plann B Urban Anal City Sci"},{"key":"1502_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell AB (2021) Undoing optimization: civic action in smart cities. Yale University Press, Yale. https:\/\/yalebooks.yale.edu\/book\/9780300223804\/undoing-optimization","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1k03g9s"},{"key":"1502_CR62","unstructured":"Proposal for a Regulation Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules On Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) And Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts, COM\/2021\/206 final, Brussels, 21.4.2021."},{"key":"1502_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark P (2002) Excavating lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant. GeoJournal, Special issue: social transformation, citizenship, and the right to the city. Springer, Berlin. 58(2\u20133): 99\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GEJO.0000010829.62237.8f"},{"key":"1502_CR64","unstructured":"Richardson R, Schultz S, Crawford K (2019) Dirty data, bad predictions: how civil rights violations impact police data, predictive policing systems, and justice. 94 N.Y.U. L. REV. ONLINE 192."},{"issue":"2","key":"1502_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2012.698064","volume":"19","author":"R Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robinson R et al (2012) Street computing: towards an integrated open data application programming interface (API) for Cities. J Urban Technol 19(2):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10630732.2012.698064","journal-title":"J Urban Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR66","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"EA Roy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roy EA (2017) New Zealand river granted same legal rights as human being. Guard Retriev 15(6):2020","journal-title":"Guard Retriev"},{"key":"1502_CR68","unstructured":"Sawhney N (2019) Cooperative crisis response among emergency responders & AI systems. Workshop on better supporting workers in ML workplaces, the 22nd ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, November 9\u201313, 2019, Austin, TX, USA"},{"key":"1502_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawhney N, Anh-Ton T (2020) Ecologies of contestation in participatory design. In: Proceedings of the 16th Participatory Design Conference (PDC 2020), June 15\u201319, 2020, Manizales, Columbia. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3385010.3385028"},{"key":"1502_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anti.12312","volume-title":"An informational right to the city? code, content, control, and the urbanization of information","author":"J Shaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaw J, Graham M (2017) An informational right to the city? code, content, control, and the urbanization of information. Wiley Publications, Antipode"},{"key":"1502_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2020.1734014","author":"MC Shingne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shingne MC (2020) The more-than-human right to the city: a multispecies reevaluation. J Urban Aff. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07352166.2020.1734014","journal-title":"J Urban Aff"},{"key":"1502_CR71","unstructured":"Singer N, Sang-Hun C (2020) As coronavirus surveillance escalates, personal privacy plummets. New York Times, March 23.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/23\/technology\/coronavirus-surveillance-tracking-privacy.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR72","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"J Snow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Snow J (2018) Amazon\u2019s face recognition falsely matched 28 members of congress with mugshots. ACLU Retrieved 15(6):2020","journal-title":"ACLU Retrieved"},{"key":"1502_CR73","unstructured":"Stop LAPD Spying Coalition (2016) Predictive policing: profit driven racist policing. Retrieved 15.6.2020"},{"key":"1502_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2020.03.005","volume":"43","author":"AM V\u00e1squez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez-Fern\u00e1ndez AM, Ahenakew pii tai poo taa C (2020) Resurgence of relationality: reflections on decolonizing and indigenizing \u201csustainable development.\u201d Curr Opin Environ Sustain 43:65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosust.2020.03.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sustain"},{"key":"1502_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker J, Carvalho MB, Diaconescu I (2020) Urban claims and the right to the city: grassroots perspectives from salvador da Bahia and London. UCL Press. https:\/\/www.uclpress.co.uk\/products\/131448","DOI":"10.14324\/111.9781787356382"},{"issue":"3","key":"1502_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2018.1531228","volume":"22","author":"M Walter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walter M, Suina M (2019) Indigenous data, indigenous methodologies and indigenous data sovereignty. Int J Soc Res Methodol 22(3):233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13645579.2018.1531228","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR77","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"K Ware","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ware K (2019) A voice for nature. Natl Geogr 15(6):2020","journal-title":"Natl Geogr"},{"key":"1502_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140589","author":"L Yin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yin L, Wang Q, Shaw S-L, Fang Z, Hu J, Tao Y, Wang W (2015) Re-identification risk versus data utility for aggregated mobility research using mobile phone location data. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140589","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1502_CR79","first-page":"2021","volume":"3","author":"YLE","year":"2021","unstructured":"YLE (2021) Speeds lowered on electric scooters in hopes of reducing late-night accidents. YLE News Retriev 3(7):2021","journal-title":"YLE News Retriev"},{"key":"1502_CR80","volume-title":"Sand talk: how indigenous thinking can save the world","author":"T Yunkaporta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yunkaporta T (2019) Sand talk: how indigenous thinking can save the world. Text Publishing, Melbourne"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR81","first-page":"2020","volume":"15","author":"E Zuckerman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuckerman E (2020) Why filming police violence has done nothing to stop it. MIT Technol 15(6):2020","journal-title":"MIT Technol"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01502-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01502-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01502-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T08:06:42Z","timestamp":1688026002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01502-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01502-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}