{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:52:43Z","timestamp":1772038363293,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002808","name":"Carlsbergfondet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF20-0257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF20-0257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01551-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T02:03:28Z","timestamp":1661997808000},"page":"515-522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Artificial intelligence and the secret ballot"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7766-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob Thrane","family":"Mainz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"S\u00f8nderholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Uhrenfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1551_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spaa004","volume":"68","author":"S Brayne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brayne S, Christin A (2021) Technologies of crime prediction: the reception of algorithms in policing and criminal courts. Soc Probl 68(3):608\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/socpro\/spaa004","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"issue":"03","key":"1551_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S000712340000586X","volume":"20","author":"G Brennan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brennan G, Pettit P (1990) Unveiling the vote. Brit J Polit Sci 20(03):311\u2013333","journal-title":"Brit J Polit Sci"},{"key":"1551_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiano T (2021) Algorithms, manipulation, and democracy. Can J Philos 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1017\/can.2021.29"},{"key":"1551_CR4","volume-title":"On democracy","author":"RA Dahl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dahl RA (1998) On democracy. Yale University Press, New Haven"},{"issue":"3","key":"1551_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2019.0042","volume":"30","author":"J Elklit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elklit J, Maley M (2019) Why ballot secrecy still matters. J Democr 30(3):61\u201375","journal-title":"J Democr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1551_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1057\/ap.2013.10","volume":"48","author":"B Engelen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engelen B, Thomas V, Nys R (2013) Against the secret ballot: Toward a new proposal for open voting. Acta Politica 48(4):490\u2013507","journal-title":"Acta Politica"},{"key":"1551_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mopp-2020-0046","author":"E Erman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erman E, Furendal M (2022) The global governance of artificial intelligence: some normative concerns. Moral Philos Polit. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/mopp-2020-0046","journal-title":"Moral Philos Polit"},{"issue":"50","key":"1551_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700035114","volume":"114","author":"T Gebru","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gebru T, Krause J, Wang Y, Chen D, Deng J, Aiden EL, Fei-Fei Li (2017) Using deep learning and Google Street View to estimate the demographic makeup of neighborhoods across the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(50):13108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1700035114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1551_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419827849","volume":"28","author":"J Hinds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hinds J, Joinson A (2019) Human and computer personality prediction from digital footprints. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 28(2):204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721419827849","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1551_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idan L, Feigenbaum J (2019) Show me your friends, and I will tell you whom you vote for: predicting voting behavior in social networks. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining","DOI":"10.1145\/3341161.3343676"},{"issue":"2","key":"1551_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjinnov-2020-000648","volume":"7","author":"D Khemasuwan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khemasuwan D, Colt HG (2021) Applications and challenges of AI-based algorithms in the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Innov 7(2):387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjinnov-2020-000648","journal-title":"BMJ Innov"},{"issue":"1","key":"1551_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79139-8","volume":"11","author":"M Kosinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kosinski M (2021) Facial recognition technology can expose political orientation from naturalistic facial images. Sci Rep 11(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1551_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184562","volume":"12","author":"JB Kristensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kristensen JB, Albrechtsen T, Dahl-Nielsen E, Jensen M, Skovrind M, Bornakke T (2017) Parsimonious data: how a single Facebook like predicts voting behavior in multiparty systems. PLoS ONE 12(9):e0184562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0184562","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1551_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1017\/S0953820807002634","volume":"19","author":"A Lever","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lever A (2007) Mill and the secret ballot: beyond coercion and corruption. Utilitas 19(3):354\u2013378","journal-title":"Utilitas"},{"issue":"2","key":"1551_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/1743872112458745","volume":"11","author":"A Lever","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lever A (2015) Privacy and democracy: what the secret ballot reveals. Law, Cult Hum 11(2):164\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1743872112458745","journal-title":"Law, Cult Hum"},{"key":"1551_CR16","volume-title":"Secrecy and publicity in votes and debates","author":"B Manin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manin B (2015) Why open voting in general elections is undesirable. In: Elster J (ed) Secrecy and publicity in votes and debates. Cambridge University Press, New York"},{"key":"1551_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316178539","volume-title":"From open secrets to secret voting: democratic electoral reforms and voter autonomy","author":"I Mares","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mares I (2015) From open secrets to secret voting: democratic electoral reforms and voter autonomy. Cambridge University Press, New York"},{"key":"1551_CR18","volume-title":"Considerations on representative government","author":"JS Mill","year":"1861","unstructured":"Mill JS (1861) Considerations on representative government. Parker, Son, and Bourn, London"},{"issue":"2","key":"1551_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.2.51","volume":"28","author":"DW Nickerson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nickerson DW, Rogers T (2014) Political campaigns and big data. J Econ Perspect 28(2):51\u201373","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"issue":"6429","key":"1551_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw0029","volume":"363","author":"RB Parikh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parikh RB, Obermeyer Z, Navathe AS (2019) Regulation of predictive analytics in medicine. Science 363(6429):810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaw0029","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"1551_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00512-8","volume":"35","author":"U Peters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peters U (2022) Algorithmic political bias in artificial intelligence systems. Philos Technol 35(2):1\u201323","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1551_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01548","volume":"10","author":"M Reani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reani M, Davies A, Peek N, Jay C (2019) Evidencing how experience and problem format affect probabilistic reasoning through interaction analysis. Front Psychol 10:1548\u20131548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01548","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1551_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2019.6","volume":"10","author":"SL Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts SL (2019) Big data, algorithmic governmentality and the regulation of pandemic risk. Eur J Risk Regul 10(1):94\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/err.2019.6","journal-title":"Eur J Risk Regul"},{"issue":"3","key":"1551_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/ser\/mwaa040","volume":"18","author":"A Rona-Tas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rona-Tas A (2020) Predicting the future: art and algorithms. Soc Econ Rev 18(3):893\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ser\/mwaa040","journal-title":"Soc Econ Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1551_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2465","volume":"38","author":"J Skeem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skeem J, Lowenkamp C (2020) Using algorithms to address trade-offs inherent in predicting recidivism. Behav Sci Law 38(3):259\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.2465","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"1551_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9833.2005.00255.x","volume":"36","author":"D Sturgis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sturgis D (2005) Is voting a private matter? J Soc Philos 36(1):18\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9833.2005.00255.x","journal-title":"J Soc Philos"},{"issue":"2","key":"1551_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2307\/48616070","volume":"35","author":"J S\u00f8nderholm","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00f8nderholm J, Mainz J, Uhrenfeldt R (2021) Big data analytics and how to buy an election. Public Aff Q 35(2):119\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/48616070","journal-title":"Public Aff Q"},{"key":"1551_CR28","volume-title":"Just elections : creating a fair electoral process in the United States","author":"DF Thompson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thompson DF (2002) Just elections\u202f: creating a fair electoral process in the United States. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London"},{"key":"1551_CR29","volume-title":"Universal declaration of human rights","author":"United Nations (General Assembly)","year":"1948","unstructured":"United Nations (General Assembly) (1948) Universal declaration of human rights. United Nations, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"1551_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8675.12278","volume":"25","author":"P-E Vandamme","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vandamme P-E (2018) Voting secrecy and the right to justification. Constellations 25(3):388","journal-title":"Constellations"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01551-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01551-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01551-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T12:12:33Z","timestamp":1712751153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01551-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01551-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}