{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T18:27:00Z","timestamp":1778956020172,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The world\u2019s current model for economic development is unsustainable. It encourages high levels of resource extraction, consumption, and waste that undermine positive environmental outcomes. Transitioning to a circular economy (CE) model of development has been proposed as a sustainable alternative. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a crucial enabler for CE. It can aid in designing robust and sustainable products, facilitate new circular business models, and support the broader infrastructures needed to scale circularity. However, to date, considerations of the ethical implications of using AI to achieve a transition to CE have been limited. This article addresses this gap. It outlines how AI is and can be used to transition towards CE, analyzes the ethical risks associated with using AI for this purpose, and supports some recommendations to policymakers and industry on how to minimise these risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01596-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:04:58Z","timestamp":1669619098000},"page":"1451-1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Artificial intelligence in support of the circular economy: ethical considerations and a path forward"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Huw","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Bariach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Cowls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Gilburt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Prathm","family":"Juneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Tsamados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Taddeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Floridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1596_CR1","unstructured":"A new Circular Economy Action Plan For a cleaner and more competitive Europe (2020) European Commission. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN. Accessed 25 Jun 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"1596_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.08.040","volume":"54","author":"F Acerbi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acerbi F, Forterre DA, Taisch M (2021) Role of artificial intelligence in circular manufacturing: a systematic literature review. IFAC-PapersOnLine 54(1):367\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.08.040","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"1596_CR3","unstructured":"Achieving a circular economy: how the private sector is reimagining the future of business (2015) US Chamber of Commerce. https:\/\/www.uschamberfoundation.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Circular%20Economy%20Best%20Practices.pdf. Accessed 23 Nov 2021"},{"key":"1596_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandris G, Katos V, Alexaki S, Hatzivasilis G (2018, September). Blockchains as enablers for auditing\ncooperative circular economy networks. In 2018 IEEE 23rd international workshop on computer aided modeling and\ndesign of communication links and networks (CAMAD), pp 1\u20137. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2018.8514985"},{"key":"1596_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.01.032","volume":"89","author":"Z Allam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allam Z, Dhunny ZA (2019) On big data, artificial intelligence and smart cities. Cities 89:80\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2019.01.032","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"1","key":"1596_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/challe6010117","volume":"6","author":"ASG Andrae","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andrae ASG, Edler T (2015) On global electricity usage of communication technology: trends to 2030. Challenges 6(1):117\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/challe6010117","journal-title":"Challenges"},{"key":"1596_CR7","unstructured":"Angwin J, Larson J, Mattu S (2015) The tiger mom tax: Asians are nearly twice as likely to get a higher price from Princeton review. ProPublica. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/asians-nearly-twice-as-likely-to-get-higher-price-from-princeton-review?token=UnpQVP7I8tJbGlMfvfYJisVdJ7aaZ7jl. Accessed 01 Jan 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.04.027","volume":"73","author":"M Antikainen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antikainen M, Uusitalo T, Kivikyt\u00f6-Reponen P (2018) Digitalisation as an enabler of circular economy. Procedia CIRP 73:45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2018.04.027","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"1596_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antikainen M, Valkokari K (2016) A Framework for Sustainable Circular Business Model Innovation. In Technology\nInnovation Management Review vol 6, Issue 7, pp 5\u201312. Talent First Network.","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview1000"},{"key":"1596_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198840800.001.0001","volume-title":"The digital continent: placing Africa in planetary networks of work","author":"MA Anwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anwar MA, Graham M (2022) The digital continent: placing Africa in planetary networks of work. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"1596_CR11","unstructured":"Apple adds Earth Day donations to trade-in and recycling program (2018) Apple Newsroom. https:\/\/www.apple.com\/uk\/newsroom\/2018\/04\/apple-adds-earth-day-donations-to-trade-in-and-recycling-program\/. Accessed 03 Dec 2021"},{"key":"1596_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422488","volume":"2018","author":"I Askoxylakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Askoxylakis I (2018) A framework for pairing circular economy and the internet of things. IEEE Int Conf Commun (ICC) 2018:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422488","journal-title":"IEEE Int Conf Commun (ICC)"},{"key":"1596_CR13","unstructured":"Auditing algorithms: the existing landscape, role of regulators and future outlook (2022) GOV.UK. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/findings-from-the-drcf-algorithmic-processing-workstream-spring-2022\/auditing-algorithms-the-existing-landscape-role-of-regulators-and-future-outlook. Accessed 10 Jun 2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"1596_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2307\/1341506","volume":"104","author":"I Ayres","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ayres I (1991) Fair driving: gender and race discrimination in retail car negotiations. Harv Law Rev 104(4):817\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1341506","journal-title":"Harv Law Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1596_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900011449","volume":"14","author":"EB Barbier","year":"1987","unstructured":"Barbier EB (1987) The concept of sustainable economic development. Environ Conserv 14(2):101\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0376892900011449","journal-title":"Environ Conserv"},{"key":"1596_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73981-6","volume-title":"Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context-aware computing for advancing sustainability","author":"SE Bibri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bibri SE (2018) Smart sustainable cities of the future: the untapped potential of big data analytics and context-aware computing for advancing sustainability. Springer"},{"key":"1596_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Binns R, Lyngs U, Van Kleek M, Zhao J, Libert T, Shadbolt N (2018) Third party tracking in the mobile ecosystem. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3201064.3201089","DOI":"10.1145\/3201064.3201089"},{"issue":"2","key":"1596_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/09644010701211650","volume":"16","author":"I Bl\u00fchdorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bl\u00fchdorn I, Welsh I (2007) Eco-politics beyond the paradigm of sustainability: a conceptual framework and research agenda. Environ Polit 16(2):185\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09644010701211650","journal-title":"Environ Polit"},{"key":"1596_CR19","unstructured":"Blunck E, Salah Z, Kim J (2019) Industry 4.0, AI and Circular Economy\u2014Opportunities and Challenges for a Sustainable Development. Global Trends and Challenges in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (The Industry 4.0)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030639","volume":"10","author":"G Bressanelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bressanelli G, Adrodegari F, Perona M, Saccani N (2018) Exploring how usage-focused business models enable circular economy through digital technologies. Sustainability 10(3):639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10030639","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"1596_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3316\/agispt.20190905016562","volume":"115","author":"A Chander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chander A (2017) The racist algorithm? Mich Law Rev 115(6):1023\u20131045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3316\/agispt.20190905016562","journal-title":"Mich Law Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1596_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.3390\/su11123379","volume":"11","author":"F Charnley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charnley F, Tiwari D, Hutabarat W, Moreno M, Okorie O, Tiwari A (2019) Simulation to enable a data-driven circular economy. Sustainability 11(12):3379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11123379","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"1596_CR23","unstructured":"Chopra-McGowan A, Reddy SB (2020) What would it take to reskill entire industries? Harvard Business Review. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/07\/what-would-it-take-to-reskill-entire-industries"},{"key":"1596_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01294-x","author":"J Cowls","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cowls J, Tsamados A, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2021) The AI gambit: leveraging artificial intelligence to combat climate change\u2014opportunities, challenges, and recommendations. AI Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01294-x","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"1596_CR25","unstructured":"Crawford K, Joler V (2018) Anatomy of an AI System: The Amazon Echo as an anatomical map of human labor, data and planetary resources. Anatomy of an AI System. http:\/\/www.anatomyof.ai"},{"key":"1596_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danks D, London AJ (2017) Algorithmic Bias in Autonomous Systems. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 4691\u20134697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/654","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/654"},{"key":"1596_CR27","unstructured":"de Wit M, Haigh L (2022) The Circularity Gap Report 2022. Circularity Gap Reporting Institution. https:\/\/www.circularonline.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Circularity-Gap-Report-2022.pdf. Accessed 26 Feb 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79228-4_1","volume-title":"Theory and applications of models of computation","author":"C Dwork","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dwork C (2008) Differential privacy: a survey of results. In: Agrawal M, Du D, Duan Z, Li A (eds) Theory and applications of models of computation. Springer, pp 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-79228-4_1"},{"key":"1596_CR29","unstructured":"Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017) What is a Circular Economy? Ellen MacArthur Foundation. https:\/\/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/circular-economy\/concept. Accessed 15 Mar 2021"},{"key":"1596_CR30","unstructured":"Ellen MacArthur Foundation  Google (2019) Artificial Intelligence and the Circular Economy."},{"key":"1596_CR31","unstructured":"Fleming S (2020) 4 creative ways companies are embracing the circular economy. World Economic Forum. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2020\/12\/circular-economy-examples-ikea-burger-king-adidas\/. Accessed 17 Nov 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"1596_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-014-0157-8","volume":"27","author":"L Floridi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Floridi L (2014) Open data, data protection, and group privacy. Philos Technol 27(1):1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-014-0157-8","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1596_CR33","first-page":"183","volume-title":"The green and the blue: na\u00efve ideas to improve politics in a mature information society","author":"L Floridi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Floridi L (2019) The green and the blue: na\u00efve ideas to improve politics in a mature information society. Springer, pp 183\u2013221"},{"issue":"2","key":"1596_CR34","first-page":"307","volume":"127","author":"L Floridi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Floridi L (2020) The green and the blue: a new political ontology for a mature information society. Philos Jahrb 127(2):307\u2013338","journal-title":"Philos Jahrb"},{"issue":"2083","key":"1596_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160360","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0360","volume":"374","author":"L Floridi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Floridi L, Taddeo M (2016) What is data ethics? Philos Trans R Soc 374(2083):20160360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2016.0360","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00213-5","volume":"26","author":"L Floridi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Floridi L, Cowls J, King TC, Taddeo M (2020) How to design AI for social good: seven essential factors. Sci Eng Ethics 26(3):1771\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00213-5","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"key":"1596_CR37","unstructured":"Gailhofer P, Herold A, Schemmel JP, Scherf C-S, Urrutia C, K\u00f6hler AR, Braungardt S (2021) The role of Artificial Intelligence in the European Green Deal. Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies Directorate-General for Internal Policies, 70"},{"key":"1596_CR38","unstructured":"Garrido GM, Sedlmeir J, Uluda\u011f \u00d6, Alaoui IS, Luckow A, Matthes F (2021) Revealing the landscape of privacy-enhancing technologies in the context of data markets for the IoT: A Systematic Literature Review. ArXiv:2107.11905 [Cs]. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.11905"},{"key":"1596_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105213","volume":"167","author":"G Gaustad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaustad G, Williams E, Leader A (2021) Rare earth metals from secondary sources: review of potential supply from waste and byproducts. Resour Conserv Recycl 167:105213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105213","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"1596_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104205","volume":"190","author":"Y Ge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ge Y, Knittel CR, MacKenzie D, Zoepf S (2020) Racial discrimination in transportation network companies. J Public Econ 190:104205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104205","journal-title":"J Public Econ"},{"key":"1596_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.048","volume":"143","author":"M Geissdoerfer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geissdoerfer M, Savaget P, Bocken NMP, Hultink EJ (2017) The circular economy\u2014a new sustainability paradigm? J Clean Prod 143:757\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.048","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"7738","key":"1596_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00017-z","volume":"565","author":"Y Geng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geng Y, Sarkis J, Bleischwitz R (2019) How to globalize the circular economy. Nature 565(7738):153\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-019-00017-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1596_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.09.007","volume":"114","author":"P Ghisellini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghisellini P, Cialani C, Ulgiati S (2016) A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. J Clean Prod 114:11\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.09.007","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"1596_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghoreishi M, Happonen A (2020) Key enablers for deploying artificial intelligence for circular economy embracing sustainable product design: Three case studies. 050008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0001339","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0001339"},{"key":"1596_CR45","unstructured":"Global survey: the state of AI in 2021 (2021). McKinsey. https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/mckinsey-analytics\/our-insights\/global-survey-the-state-of-ai-in-2021. Accessed 13 Feb 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR46","volume-title":"Ghost work: how to stop silicon valley from building a new global underclass","author":"ML Gray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gray ML, Suri S (2019) Ghost work: how to stop silicon valley from building a new global underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"key":"1596_CR47","unstructured":"Heikkila M (2022) UK consumer group: Tinder\u2019s pricing algorithm discriminates against over-30s. POLITICO. https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/uk-consumer-group-tinders-pricing-algorithm-discriminates-against-gay-users-and-over-30s\/. Accessed 07 Apr 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR48","unstructured":"Hippold S (2019) Gartner Predicts Circular Economies Will Replace Linear Economies in 10 Years. Gartner. https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2019-09-26-gartner-predicts-circular-economies-will-replace-line. Accessed 10 Nov 2021"},{"key":"1596_CR49","unstructured":"Internet users, UK: 2020. (2021) Office for National Statistics. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/businessindustryandtrade\/itandinternetindustry\/bulletins\/internetusers\/2020. Accessed 23 Jan 2022"},{"issue":"7722","key":"1596_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-06610-y","volume":"561","author":"N Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones N (2018) How to stop data centres from gobbling up the world\u2019s electricity. Nature 561(7722):163\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-018-06610-y","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1596_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.09.005","volume":"127","author":"J Kirchherr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirchherr J, Reike D, Hekkert M (2017) Conceptualizing the circular economy: an analysis of 114 definitions. Resour Conserv Recycl 127:221\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.09.005","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"1596_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041","volume":"143","author":"J Korhonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Korhonen J, Honkasalo A, Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 J (2018) Circular economy: the concept and its limitations. Ecol Econ 143:37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"issue":"8","key":"1596_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3390\/app9081712","volume":"9","author":"M Kouhizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kouhizadeh M, Sarkis J, Zhu Q (2019) At the nexus of blockchain technology, the circular economy, and product deletion. Appl Sci 9(8):1712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9081712","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"1596_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429317866","volume-title":"The digital transformation of labor: automation, the gig economy and welfare","author":"A Larsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larsson A, Lindfred L (2019) Digitalization, circular economy and the future of labor. In: Larsson A, Teigland R (eds) The digital transformation of labor: automation, the gig economy and welfare, 1st edn. Routledge, Cham","edition":"1"},{"key":"1596_CR55","unstructured":"Lawrence M, Roberts C, King L (2017) Managing automation: employment, inequality and ethics in the digital age. IPPR Commission on Economic Justice. https:\/\/www.ippr.org\/research\/publications\/managing-automation. Accessed 03 Jan 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.04.018","volume":"117","author":"S Luthra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luthra S, Mangla SK (2018) Evaluating challenges to Industry 4.0 initiatives for supply chain sustainability in emerging economies. Process Saf Environ Prot 117:168\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psep.2018.04.018","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot"},{"issue":"2","key":"1596_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1162\/glep_a_00594","volume":"21","author":"A Mah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mah A (2021) Future-proofing capitalism: the paradox of the circular economy for plastics. Global Environmental Politics 21(2):121\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/glep_a_00594","journal-title":"Global Environmental Politics"},{"issue":"7595","key":"1596_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/531440a","volume":"531","author":"JA Mathews","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mathews JA, Tan H (2016) Circular economy: lessons from China. Nature 531(7595):440\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/531440a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1596_CR59","unstructured":"Maxwell M, McCool S, Peppin A, Spittle K, Stocks T (2021) Public dialogue on location data ethics\u2014\nEngagement report. Geospatial Commission, Ada Lovelace Institute & Traverse."},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12597","volume":"21","author":"W McDowall","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDowall W, Geng Y, Huang B, Bartekov\u00e1 E, Bleischwitz R, T\u00fcrkeli S, Kemp R, Dom\u00e9nech T (2017) Circular economy policies in China and Europe. J Ind Ecol 21(3):651\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jiec.12597","journal-title":"J Ind Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-017-0502-9","volume":"13","author":"L Milios","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milios L (2018) Advancing to a circular economy: three essential ingredients for a comprehensive policy mix. Sustain Sci 13(3):861\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11625-017-0502-9","journal-title":"Sustain Sci"},{"key":"1596_CR62","unstructured":"Miller AP, Hosanagar K (2019). How targeted Ads and dynamic pricing can perpetuate bias. Harvard Business Review. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2019\/11\/how-targeted-ads-and-dynamic-pricing-can-perpetuate-bias"},{"key":"1596_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-021-09557-8","author":"J M\u00f6kander","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00f6kander J, Floridi L (2021) Ethics-based auditing to develop trustworthy AI. Mind Mach. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-021-09557-8","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"issue":"4","key":"1596_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00319-4","volume":"27","author":"J M\u00f6kander","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00f6kander J, Morley J, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2021) Ethics-based auditing of automated decision-making systems: nature, scope, and limitations. Sci Eng Ethics 27(4):44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-021-00319-4","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"key":"1596_CR65","unstructured":"Moore D (2021) China trials AI-enabled sorting machines to keep plastic in circular economy. Circular Online. https:\/\/www.circularonline.co.uk\/news\/china-trials-ai-enabled-sorting-machines-to-keep-plastic-in-circular-economy\/. Accessed 10 Jan 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR66","unstructured":"Muro M (2020) No matter which way you look at it, tech jobs are still concentrating in just a few cities. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/tech-is-still-concentrating\/. Accessed 29 Jan 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.03.038","volume":"171","author":"D Murray","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murray D, Liao J, Stankovic L, Stankovic V (2016) Understanding usage patterns of electric kettle and energy saving potential. Appl Energy 171:231\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.03.038","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2693-2","volume":"140","author":"A Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray A, Skene K, Haynes K (2017) The circular economy: an interdisciplinary exploration of the concept and application in a global context. J Bus Ethics 140(3):369\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-015-2693-2","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"key":"1596_CR69","unstructured":"National Recycling Strategy (2021) Part one of a series on building a circular economy for all. EPA; National Recycling Strategy. 68"},{"issue":"1","key":"1596_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2281-6","volume":"111","author":"GC Nobre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nobre GC, Tavares E (2017) Scientific literature analysis on big data and internet of things applications on circular economy: a bibliometric study. Scientometrics 111(1):463\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-017-2281-6","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"1596_CR71","unstructured":"Notes from the AI Frontier (2018) Modeling the impact of AI on the world economy. McKinsey Global Institute. pp. 3\u20134"},{"key":"1596_CR72","unstructured":"Oberle B, Bringezu S, Hatfield-Dodds S, Hellweg S, Schandl H, Clement J (2019) Global Resources Outlook 2019. UN Environment. https:\/\/www.resourcepanel.org\/reports\/global-resources-outlook. Accessed 01 Nov 2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"1596_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113009","volume":"11","author":"O Okorie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okorie O, Salonitis K, Charnley F, Moreno M, Turner C, Tiwari A (2018) Digitisation and the circular economy: a review of current research and future trends. Energies 11(11):3009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11113009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"1596_CR74","unstructured":"Osborne H (2006) Humans using resources of two planets, WWF warns. The Guardian. http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2006\/oct\/24\/conservation.internationalnews. Accessed 01 Feb 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey A, Caliskan A (2021) Disparate Impact of Artificial Intelligence Bias in Ridehailing Economy\u2019s Price Discrimination Algorithms. In Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 822\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3461702.3462561","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462561"},{"key":"1596_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736061","volume-title":"The black box society","author":"F Pasquale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasquale F (2015) The black box society: the secret algorithms that control money and information. The black box society. Harvard University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4159\/harvard.9780674736061"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(00)00290-1","volume":"37","author":"YA Phillis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phillis YA, Andriantiatsaholiniaina LA (2001) Sustainability: an ill-defined concept and its assessment using fuzzy logic. Ecol Econ 37(3):435\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-8009(00)00290-1","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"key":"1596_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350218826","volume-title":"Business, power and sustainability in a world of global value chains","author":"S Ponte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ponte S (2019) Business, power and sustainability in a world of global value chains. Zed Book Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5040\/9781350218826"},{"key":"1596_CR79","unstructured":"Preston F (2012) A global redesign? Shaping the circular economy (p. 20). Chatham House. https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/public\/Research\/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development\/bp0312_preston.pdf. Accessed 18 Nov 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR80","unstructured":"Privacy enhancing technologies for trustworthy use of data (2021) Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation. https:\/\/cdei.blog.gov.uk\/2021\/02\/09\/privacy-enhancing-technologies-for-trustworthy-use-of-data\/. Accessed 17 Jan 2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-018-0627-5","volume":"14","author":"B Purvis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Purvis B, Mao Y, Robinson D (2019) Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustain Sci 14(3):681\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11625-018-0627-5","journal-title":"Sustain Sci"},{"key":"1596_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raji ID, Smart A, White RN, Mitchell M, Gebru T, Hutchinson B, Smith-Loud J, Theron D, Barnes P (2020) Closing the AI accountability gap: defining an end-to-end framework for internal algorithmic auditing. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 33\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3351095.3372873","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"issue":"9 Ver III","key":"1596_CR83","first-page":"55","volume":"7","author":"TS Ramadoss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramadoss TS, Alam H, Seeram R (2018) Artificial intelligence and internet of things enabled circular economy. Int J Eng Sci (IJES) 7(9 Ver III):55\u201363","journal-title":"Int J Eng Sci (IJES)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1596_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-016-0735-5","volume":"47","author":"MA Reuter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reuter MA (2016) Digitalizing the circular economy: circular economy engineering defined by the metallurgical internet of things. Metall Mater Trans B 47(6):3194\u20133220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11663-016-0735-5","journal-title":"Metall Mater Trans B"},{"issue":"6","key":"1596_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00340-7","volume":"27","author":"H Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts H, Cowls J, Hine E, Mazzi F, Tsamados A, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2021) Achieving a \u2018good AI society\u2019: comparing the aims and progress of the EU and the US. Sci Eng Ethics 27(6):68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-021-00340-7","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1596_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.24840\/2183-0606_007.004_0002","volume":"7","author":"K Sankaran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sankaran K (2020) Carbon emission and plastic pollution: how circular economy, blockchain, and artificial intelligence support energy transition? J Innov Manag 7(4):7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24840\/2183-0606_007.004_0002","journal-title":"J Innov Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"1596_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1515\/vjbsd-2017-0005","volume":"6","author":"F Sariatli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sariatli F (2017) Linear economy versus circular economy: a comparative and analyzer study for optimization of economy for sustainability. Visegrad J Bioecon Sustain Dev 6(1):31\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/vjbsd-2017-0005","journal-title":"Visegrad J Bioecon Sustain Dev"},{"key":"1596_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.03.038","volume":"146","author":"P Schr\u00f6der","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der P, Bengtsson M, Cohen M, Dewick P, Hofstetter J, Sarkis J (2019) Degrowth within\u2014aligning circular economy and strong sustainability narratives. Resour Conserv Recycl 146:190\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.03.038","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"1596_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126089","volume":"292","author":"L Silvestri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silvestri L, Forcina A, Silvestri C, Traverso M (2021) Circularity potential of rare earths for sustainable mobility: recent developments, challenges and future prospects. J Clean Prod 292:126089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126089","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"1596_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-017-0443-3","volume":"13","author":"KR Skene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skene KR (2018) Circles, spirals, pyramids and cubes: Why the circular economy cannot work. Sustain Sci 13(2):479\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11625-017-0443-3","journal-title":"Sustain Sci"},{"key":"1596_CR91","unstructured":"Smart Meter Statistics in Great Britain: Quarterly Report to end March 2020 (2020). Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy"},{"issue":"7595","key":"1596_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/531435a","volume":"531","author":"WR Stahel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stahel WR (2016) The circular economy. Nature 531(7595):435\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/531435a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1596_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1145\/2447976.2447990","volume":"56","author":"L Sweeney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sweeney L (2013) Discrimination in online ad delivery. Commun ACM 56(5):44\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2447976.2447990","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"1596_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.05.018","volume":"4","author":"M Taddeo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taddeo M, Tsamados A, Cowls J, Floridi L (2021) Artificial intelligence and the climate emergency: opportunities, challenges, and recommendations. One Earth 4(6):776\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.05.018","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"1596_CR95","volume-title":"Group privacy: new challenges of data technologies","author":"L Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor L, Floridi L, van der Sloot B (2016) Group privacy: new challenges of data technologies. Springer"},{"key":"1596_CR96","unstructured":"The Circular Economy In Detail (n.d.) (2022) Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved 19 Feb 2022, from https:\/\/archive.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/explore\/the-circular-economy-in-detail. Accessed 19 Feb 2022"},{"issue":"32","key":"1596_CR97","first-page":"24","volume":"94","author":"J-F Tremblay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tremblay J-F (2016) How rare earths bring clean technologies, dirty landscapes. Chem Eng News 94(32):24","journal-title":"Chem Eng News"},{"key":"1596_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01154-8","author":"A Tsamados","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsamados A, Aggarwal N, Cowls J, Morley J, Roberts H, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2021) The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions. AI Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01154-8","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"1596_CR99","unstructured":"U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation (2017) Circularity vs. Sustainability [Text]. U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation. https:\/\/www.uschamberfoundation.org\/circular-economy-toolbox\/about-circularity\/circularity-vs-sustainability. Accessed 11 Nov 2021"},{"key":"1596_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.01.005","volume":"2","author":"N Voulvoulis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Voulvoulis N (2018) Water reuse from a circular economy perspective and potential risks from an unregulated approach. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 2:32\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.01.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sci Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1596_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/bap.2017.3","volume":"19","author":"S Weber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weber S (2017) Data, development, and growth. Bus Polit 19(3):397\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/bap.2017.3","journal-title":"Bus Polit"},{"key":"1596_CR102","unstructured":"What is a digital twin? (n.d.) (2022). IBM. Retrieved 21 Jan 2022, from https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/topics\/what-is-a-digital-twin. Accessed 21 Jan 2022"},{"key":"1596_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118198","volume":"240","author":"A Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang A, Venkatesh VG, Liu Y, Wan M, Qu T, Huisingh D (2019) Barriers to smart waste management for a circular economy in China. J Clean Prod 240:118198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118198","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"1596_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4001761","author":"M Ziosi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ziosi M, Hewitt B, Juneja P, Taddeo M, Floridi L (2022) Smart Cities: mapping their Ethical Implications (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 4001761). Soc Sci Res Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4001761","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res Netw"},{"key":"1596_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Renteria A,  Alvarez-de-los-Mozos E (2019) Human-Robot Collaboration as a new paradigm in circular economy for WEEE management. Procedia Manufacturing 38:375\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.01.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.01.048"},{"key":"1596_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fletcher SR,  Webb P (2017) Industrial Robot Ethics: The Challenges of Closer Human Collaboration in Future\nManufacturing Systems. In M. I. Aldinhas Ferreira, J. Silva Sequeira, M. O. Tokhi, E. E. Kadar, G. S. Virk (Eds.), A\nWorld with Robots, vol 84, pp 159\u2013169. Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-46667-5_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46667-5_12"},{"key":"1596_CR107","unstructured":"Frank AG (1986) The Development of Underdevelopment. In Promise of Development. Routledge."}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01596-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01596-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01596-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T17:07:41Z","timestamp":1719594461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01596-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01596-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}