{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:09:07Z","timestamp":1773414547233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The urban traffic environment is characterized by the presence of a highly differentiated pool of users, including vulnerable ones. This makes vehicle automation particularly difficult to implement, as a safe coordination among those users is hard to achieve in such an open scenario. Different strategies have been proposed to address these coordination issues, but all of them have been found to be costly for they negatively affect a range of human values (e.g. safety, democracy, accountability\u2026). In this paper, we claim that the negative value impacts entailed by each of these strategies can be interpreted as lack of what we call Meaningful Human Control over different parts of a sociotechnical system. We argue that Meaningful Human Control theory provides the conceptual tools to reduce those unwanted consequences, and show how \u201cdesigning for meaningful human control\u201d constitutes a valid strategy to address coordination issues. Furthermore, we showcase a possible application of this framework in a highly dynamic urban scenario, aiming to safeguard important values such as safety, democracy, individual autonomy, and accountability. Our meaningful human control framework offers a perspective on coordination issues that allows to keep human actors in control while minimizing the active, operational role of the drivers. This approach makes ultimately possible to promote a safe and responsible transition to full automation.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01605-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T01:41:55Z","timestamp":1675820515000},"page":"1151-1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Human\u2013machine coordination in mixed traffic as a problem of Meaningful Human Control"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Giulio","family":"Mecacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simeon C.","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Santoni de Sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1605_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-008-0197-8","volume":"73","author":"MM Botvinick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Botvinick MM, Rosen ZB (2009) Anticipation of cognitive demand during decision-making. Psychol Res 73(6):835\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-008-0197-8","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1605_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e607","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30184-9","volume":"2","author":"I Braithwaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braithwaite I, Callender T, Bullock M, Aldridge RW (2020) Automated and partly automated contact tracing: a systematic review to inform the control of COVID-19. Lancet Digit Health 2(11):e607\u2013e621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30184-9","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"1605_CR3","volume-title":"Intentions, plans and practical reason","author":"ME Bratman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bratman ME (1987) Intentions, plans and practical reason. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1605_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/OJITS.2020.3021461","volume":"1","author":"SC Calvert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calvert SC, Mecacci G (2020) A conceptual control system description of cooperative and automated driving in mixed urban traffic with meaningful human control for design and evaluation. IEEE Open J Intell Transp Syst 1:147\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJITS.2020.3021461","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"1605_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Calvert SC, Soekroella A, Wilmink I, Van Arem B (2016) Considering knowledge gaps for automated driving in conventional traffic. In: Fourth international conference on advances in civil, structural and environmental engineering\u2014ACSEE 2016, December. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15224\/978-1-63248-114-6-33","DOI":"10.15224\/978-1-63248-114-6-33"},{"key":"1605_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2019.1697390","author":"SC Calvert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calvert SC, Heikoop DD, Mecacci G, van Arem B (2019) A human centric framework for the analysis of automated driving systems based on meaningful human control. Theor Issues Ergon Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1463922X.2019.1697390","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"1605_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2019.2926278","author":"SC Calvert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calvert SC, Mecacci G, van Arem B, Santoni de Sio F, Heikoop DD, Hagenzieker M (2020) Gaps in the control of automated vehicles on roads. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MITS.2019.2926278","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag"},{"issue":"1928","key":"1605_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0110","volume":"368","author":"M Campbell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campbell M, Egerstedt M, How JP, Murray RM (2010) Autonomous driving in urban environments: approaches, lessons and challenges. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 368(1928):4649\u20134672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2010.0110","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"1605_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carsten O, Martens MH (2019) How can humans understand their automated cars? HMI principles, problems and solutions. Cogn Tech Work 21:3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0484-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0484-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-016-9403-3","volume":"18","author":"J Danaher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Danaher J (2016) Robots, law and the retribution gap. Ethics Inf Technol 18(4):299\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9403-3","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832","volume":"59","author":"A Eriksson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eriksson A, Stanton NA (2017) Takeover time in highly automated vehicles: noncritical transitions to and from manual control. Hum Fact J Hum Fact Ergon Soc 59(4):689\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720816685832","journal-title":"Hum Fact J Hum Fact Ergon Soc"},{"key":"1605_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511814594","volume-title":"Responsibility and control: a theory of moral responsibility","author":"JM Fischer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fischer JM, Ravizza M (1998) Responsibility and control: a theory of moral responsibility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-019-00607-x","volume":"21","author":"F Flemisch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flemisch F, Abbink D, Itoh M, Pacaux-Lemoine M-P (2019) Special issue on shared and cooperative control. Cogn Technol Work 21(4):553\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-019-00607-x","journal-title":"Cogn Technol Work"},{"key":"1605_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48847-8_5","volume-title":"autonomous driving","author":"JC Gerdes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerdes JC, Thornton SM (2016) Implementable ethics for autonomous vehicles. autonomous driving. Springer, Berlin, pp 87\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-48847-8_5"},{"key":"1605_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-046616-3.00014-1","volume-title":"Handbook of cognitive science","author":"P Haselager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haselager P, van Dijk J, van Rooij I (2008) A lazy brain? Embodied embedded cognition and cognitive neuroscience. Handbook of cognitive science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 273\u2013290"},{"key":"1605_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.015","volume":"58","author":"DD Heikoop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heikoop DD, de Winter JCF, van Arem B, Stanton NA (2018) Effects of mental demands on situation awareness during platooning: a driving simulator study. Transp Res\u00a0f Traffic Psychol Behav 58:193\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.015","journal-title":"Transp Res\u00a0f Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"1605_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horizon 2020 Commission Expert Group to advise on specific ethical issues raised by driverless mobility (E03659) (2020) Ethics of connected and automated vehicles: recommendations on road safety, privacy,fairness, explainability and responsibility. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2777\/035239","DOI":"10.2777\/035239"},{"key":"1605_CR17","unstructured":"Horowitz MC, Scharre P (2015) Meaningful human control in weapons systems: a primer"},{"key":"1605_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kayukawa S, Higuchi K, Guerreiro J, Morishima S, Sato Y, Kitani K, Asakawa C (2019) BBEEP: a sonic collision avoidance system for blind travellers and nearby pedestrians. In: Conference on human factors in computing systems\u2014proceedings, p 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300282","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300282"},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-018-0322-6","volume":"32","author":"W Loh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loh W, Misselhorn C (2019) Autonomous driving and perverse incentives. Philos Technol 32(4):575\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-018-0322-6","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1605_CR20","unstructured":"Louw T, Kountouriotis G, Carsten O, Merat N (2015) Driver inattention during vehicle automation: how does driver engagement affect resumption of control? In: 4th International conference on driver distraction and inattention (DDI2015), proceedings, Sydney"},{"issue":"3","key":"1605_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-004-3422-1","volume":"6","author":"A Matthias","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matthias A (2004) The responsibility gap: ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Ethics Inf Technol 6(3):175\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-004-3422-1","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1605_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-019-09519-w","volume":"22","author":"G Mecacci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mecacci G, Santoni de Sio F (2020) Meaningful human control as reason-responsiveness: the case of dual-mode vehicles. Ethics Inf Technol 22(2):103\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-019-09519-w","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"1605_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.09.005","volume":"27","author":"N Merat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merat N, Jamson AH, Lai FCH, Daly M, Carsten OMJ (2014) Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle. Transport Res\u00a0f Traffic Psychol Behav 27:274\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2014.09.005","journal-title":"Transport Res\u00a0f Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"1605_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2173-6","volume-title":"Human behavior and traffic safety","author":"JA Michon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Michon JA (1985) Human behavior and traffic safety. In: Evans L, Schwing RC (eds) Human behavior and traffic safety. Springer, Boston. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-2173-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X16675674","volume":"38","author":"A Millard-Ball","year":"2018","unstructured":"Millard-Ball A (2018) Pedestrians, autonomous vehicles, and cities. J Plan Educ Res 38(1):6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0739456X16675674","journal-title":"J Plan Educ Res"},{"key":"1605_CR26","volume-title":"Our robots, ourselves: robotics and the myths of autonomy","author":"DA Mindell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mindell DA (2015) Our robots, ourselves: robotics and the myths of autonomy. VIKING-Penguin Random House LLC, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/mti3010017","volume":"3","author":"A Montuwy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montuwy A, Cahour B, Dommes A (2019) using sensory wearable devices to navigate the city: effectiveness and user experience in older pedestrians. Multimodal Technol Interact 3(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti3010017","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol Interact"},{"key":"1605_CR28","unstructured":"Moyes R (2016) Key elements of meaningful human control. Article 36. http:\/\/www.article36.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/MHC-2016-FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"1605_CR29","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez Velasco P, Farah H, van Arem B, Hagenzieker M (2018) WEpod WElly in Delft: pedestrians\u2019 crossing behavior when interacting with automated vehicles using Virtual Reality. In: Proceeedings of the 15th international conference on travel behaviour research, Santa Barbara, USA. http:\/\/www.iatbr2018.org\/accepted-abstracts.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-018-9445-9","volume":"22","author":"S Nyholm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nyholm S, Smids J (2020) Automated cars meet human drivers: responsible human-robot coordination and the ethics of mixed traffic. Ethics Inf Technol 22(4):335\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-018-9445-9","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1605_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0537-4","volume":"21","author":"M-P Pacaux-Lemoine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pacaux-Lemoine M-P, Flemisch F (2019) Layers of shared and cooperative control, assistance, and automation. Cogn Technol Work 21(4):579\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0537-4","journal-title":"Cogn Technol Work"},{"issue":"2","key":"1605_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886","volume":"39","author":"R Parasuraman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parasuraman R, Riley V (1997) Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum Fact J Hum Fact Ergon Soc 39(2):230\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872097778543886","journal-title":"Hum Fact J Hum Fact Ergon Soc"},{"key":"1605_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674250062","volume-title":"New laws of robotics: defending human expertise in the age of AI","author":"F Pasquale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pasquale F (2020) New laws of robotics: defending human expertise in the age of AI. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1605_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettit P (1999) Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=AOfYtIyWOZsC","DOI":"10.1093\/0198296428.001.0001"},{"issue":"336","key":"1605_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LXXXIV.1.481","volume":"84","author":"J Raz","year":"1975","unstructured":"Raz J (1975) Reasons for action, decisions and norms. Mind 84(336):481\u2013499","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"1605_CR36","volume-title":"Driver distraction: theory, effects, and mitigation","author":"MA Regan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Regan MA, Lee JD, Young K (2008) Driver distraction: theory, effects, and mitigation. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR37","first-page":"27","volume":"11","author":"JH Reiman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reiman JH (1995) Driving to the panopticon: a philosophical exploration of the risks to privacy posed by the highway technology of the future\u2014Santa Clara symposium on privacy and IVHS. Santa Clara Comput High Technol Law J 11(1):27\u201344","journal-title":"Santa Clara Comput High Technol Law J"},{"key":"1605_CR58","unstructured":"SAE J3016 (2018) Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"1605_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10677-017-9780-7","volume":"20","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio F (2017) Killing by autonomous vehicles and the legal doctrine of necessity. Ethical Theory Moral Pract 20(2):411\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10677-017-9780-7","journal-title":"Ethical Theory Moral Pract"},{"key":"1605_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00450-x","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio F, Mecacci G (2021) Four responsibility gaps with artificial intelligence: why they matter and how to address them. Philos Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-021-00450-x","journal-title":"Philos Technol"},{"key":"1605_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015","volume":"5","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio F, van den Hoven J (2018) Meaningful human control over autonomous systems: a philosophical account. Front Robot AI 5:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"1605_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayer J, Mefford L, Shirkey K, Lants J (2005) Driver distraction: a naturalistic observation of secondary behaviors with the use of driver assistance systems. In: Third international driving symposium on human factors in driver assessment, training and vehicle design, p 262\u2013268","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1169"},{"key":"1605_CR42","unstructured":"Schwarz E (2018) The (im)possibility of meaningful human control for lethal autonomous weapon systems. https:\/\/blogs.icrc.org\/law-and-policy\/2018\/08\/29\/im-possibility-meaningful-human-control-lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1605_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1075\/intp.13.2.02see","volume":"13","author":"KG Seeber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seeber KG (2011) Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting. Interpret Int J Res Pract Interpret 13(2):176\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/intp.13.2.02see","journal-title":"Interpret Int J Res Pract Interpret"},{"issue":"2","key":"1605_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12168","volume":"35","author":"J Smids","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smids J (2018) The moral case for intelligent speed adaptation. J Appl Philos 35(2):205\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/japp.12168","journal-title":"J Appl Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(96)00067-7","volume":"24","author":"NA Stanton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stanton NA, Marsden P (1996) From fly-by-wire to drive-by-wire: safety implications of automation in vehicles. Saf Sci 24(1):35\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0925-7535(96)00067-7","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312717741687","volume":"48","author":"J Stilgoe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stilgoe J (2018) Machine learning, social learning and the governance of self-driving cars. Soc Stud Sci 48(1):25\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306312717741687","journal-title":"Soc Stud Sci"},{"key":"1605_CR59","unstructured":"Tillema T, Gelauff G, van der Waard J, Berveling J, Moorman S (2017) Paths to a Self-Driving Future, Five Transition Steps Identified, KiM, Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1605_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.5.2.Van_den_Brule","volume":"5","author":"R Van den Brule","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van den Brule R, Bijlstra G, Dotsch R, Haselager P, Wigboldus DHJ (2016) Warning signals for poor performance improve human-robot interaction. J Hum Robot Interact 5(2):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5898\/JHRI.5.2.Van_den_Brule","journal-title":"J Hum Robot Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"1605_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-011-9277-z","volume":"18","author":"J Van den Hoven","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van den Hoven J, Lokhorst G-J, Van de Poel I (2012) Engineering and the problem of moral overload. Sci Eng Ethics 18(1):143\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-011-9277-z","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"key":"1605_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118551424.ch4","volume-title":"Responsible innovation","author":"J van den Hoven","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Hoven J (2013) Value sensitive design and responsible innovation. In: Owen R, Bessant J, Heintz M (eds) Responsible innovation. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118551424.ch4"},{"key":"1605_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PROMFG.2015.07.401","volume":"3","author":"RJ van Loon","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Loon RJ, Martens MH (2015) Automated driving and its effect on the safety ecosystem: how do compatibility issues affect the transition period? Procedia Manuf 3:3280\u20133285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PROMFG.2015.07.401","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf"},{"key":"1605_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2018.09.007","volume":"117","author":"SF Varotto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varotto SF, Farah H, Toledo T, van Arem B, Hoogendoorn SP (2018) Modelling decisions of control transitions and target speed regulations in full-range adaptive cruise control based on risk allostasis theory. Transp Res Part Methodol 117:318\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2018.09.007","journal-title":"Transp Res Part Methodol"},{"key":"1605_CR52","unstructured":"Velasco N, Farah P, Van Arem H, Hagenzieker B (2017) Interactions between vulnerable road users and automated vehicles: a synthesis of literature and framework for future research. In: Proceedings of the road safety and simulation international conference 2017, p 16\u201319. https:\/\/repository.tudelft.nl\/islandora\/object\/uuid%3A7f297ea5-34bf-4a88-a62e-b98523bbf9ae"},{"key":"1605_CR60","unstructured":"Vlakveld W (2016) Developed Nations. In: Fisher DL, Caird JK, Horrey WJ, Trick LM (eds) Handbook of Teen and Novice Drivers; Research, Practice, Policy, and Directions. Boca Raton, CRC Press"},{"key":"1605_CR53","unstructured":"Wenzl R (2018) The kill chain: inside the unit that tracks targets for US drone wars|World news|. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jan\/23\/the-kill-chain-inside-the-unit-that-tracks-targets-for-us-drone-wars"},{"key":"1605_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48847-8_6","volume-title":"Autonomous driving","author":"I Wolf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolf I (2016) The interaction between humans and autonomous agents. Autonomous driving. Springer, Berlin, pp 103\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-48847-8_6"},{"key":"1605_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.11.004","volume":"56","author":"KL Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young KL, Salmon PM, Cornelissen M (2013) Missing links? The effects of distraction on driver situation awareness. Saf Sci 56:36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.11.004","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"1605_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.023","volume":"78","author":"K Zeeb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeeb K, Buchner A, Schrauf M (2015) What determines the take-over time? An integrated model approach of driver take-over after automated driving. Accid Anal Prev 78:212\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.023","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01605-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01605-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01605-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T08:08:53Z","timestamp":1688026133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01605-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01605-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}