{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:35:00Z","timestamp":1771677300503,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present work aims at developing a scale for the assessment of a construct that we called \u201cphysical\u2013digital integration\u201d, which refers to the tendency of some individuals not to perceive a clear differentiation between feelings and perceptions that pertain to the physical or digital environment. The construct is articulated in four facets: identity, social relationships, time\u2013space perception, and sensory perception. Data from a sample of 369 participants were collected to evaluate factor structure (unidimensional model, bifactor model, correlated four-factor model), internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, McDonald\u2019s <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>), and correlations of the physical\u2013digital integration scale with other measures. Results showed that the scale is valid and internally consistent, and that both the total score and the scores at its four subscales are worthy of consideration. The physical\u2013digital integration scores were found to be differently associated with digital and non-digital behaviors, individuals\u2019 ability to read emotions in the facial expressions of others, and indicators of psychosocial functioning (anxiety, depression, and satisfaction with social relationships). The paper proposes a new measure whose scores are associated with several variables that may have relevant consequences at both individual and social levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01646-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T03:30:27Z","timestamp":1679887827000},"page":"1707-1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of a scale for capturing psychological aspects of physical\u2013digital integration: relationships with psychosocial functioning and facial emotion recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2840-9193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiana","family":"Colledani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Anselmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Egidio","family":"Robusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1646_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-06-2020-0075","author":"N Aissaoui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aissaoui N (2021) The digital divide: a literature review and some directions for future research in light of COVID-19. Global Knowl Memory Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/GKMC-06-2020-0075","journal-title":"Global Knowl Memory Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100707","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike H (1974) Stochastic theory of minimal realization. IEEE Trans Autom Control 19(6):667\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100707","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"1646_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allmann K (2020) COVID-19 is increasing digital inequality: We need human connectivity to close the digital divide. The Oxfordshire Digital Inclusion Project, 14 April","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3854877"},{"key":"1646_CR4","unstructured":"Asparouhov T and Muth\u00e9n B (2010) Simple second order chi-square correction scaled chi-square statistics (Technical appendix). Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n. http:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/WLSMV_new_chi21.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"1646_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020919791","volume":"66","author":"O Aydin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aydin O, \u00c7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f FP, Balik\u00e7i K, S\u00fcc\u00fcll\u00fco\u011flu-Dikici D, \u00dcnal-Aydin P (2020) The problematic use of social networking sites associates with elevated symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. Int J Soc Psychiatry 66(5):496\u2013503","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2020.1798358","volume":"42","author":"O Ayd\u0131n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayd\u0131n O, Obu\u0107a F, Boz C, \u00dcnal-Ayd\u0131n P (2020) Associations between executive functions and problematic social networking sites use. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 42(6):634\u2013645","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1646_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-021-04049-5","author":"J Balakrishnan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balakrishnan J, Dwivedi YK (2021) Conversational commerce: entering the next stage of AI-powered digital assistants. Ann Oper Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-021-04049-5","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00247","volume":"58","author":"JA Bargh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bargh JA, McKenna KY, Fitzsimons GM (2002) Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the \u201ctrue self\u201d on the Internet. J Soc Issues 58(1):33\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1540-4560.00247","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/713756761","volume":"4","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Jolliffe AT (1997) Is there a \u201clanguage of the eyes\u201d? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Vis Cogn 4(3):311\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/713756761","journal-title":"Vis Cogn"},{"key":"1646_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bentler PM (1990) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 107:238\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1646_CR11","volume-title":"EQS structural equations program manual","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bentler PM (1995) EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software"},{"key":"1646_CR12","volume-title":"Beyond digital: connecting media and entertainment to the future","author":"S Berman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berman S, Kesterson-Townes L (2011) Beyond digital: connecting media and entertainment to the future. IBM Institute for Business Value"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x","volume":"13","author":"D Boyd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boyd D, Ellison NB (2007) Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. J Comput-Mediated Commun 13(1):210\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x","journal-title":"J Comput-Mediated Commun"},{"key":"1646_CR14","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown TA (2006) Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press"},{"key":"1646_CR15","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"MW Browne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS (eds) Testing structural equation models. Sage, pp 136\u2013162"},{"key":"1646_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke M and Kraut RE (2014) Growing closer on Facebook: Changes in tie strength through social network site use. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on human factors in computing Systems (pp 4187\u20134196). ACM Press","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557094"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1029-6","volume":"65","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burnham KP, Anderson DR, Huyvaert KP (2011) AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65(1):23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-010-1029-6","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540514521081","volume":"16","author":"CP Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen CP (2016) Forming digital self and parasocial relationships on YouTube. J Consum Cult 16(1):232\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540514521081","journal-title":"J Consum Cult"},{"issue":"10","key":"1646_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0272","volume":"16","author":"W Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen W, Lee KH (2013) Sharing, liking, commenting, and distressed? The pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 16(10):728\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2012.0272","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"1646_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4473\/TPM25.1.3","volume":"25","author":"D Colledani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colledani D (2018) Psychometric properties and gender invariance for the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory. TPM 25:49\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4473\/TPM25.1.3","journal-title":"TPM"},{"key":"1646_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01834","volume":"9","author":"D Colledani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colledani D, Anselmi P, Robusto E (2018a) Using Item Response Theory for the development of a new short form of the Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised. Front Psychol 9:1834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01834","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1646_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.08.037","volume":"120","author":"D Colledani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colledani D, Robusto E, Anselmi P (2018b) Development of a new abbreviated form of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. Personal Individ Differ 120:159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2017.08.037","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"1646_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.05.044","volume":"149","author":"D Colledani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colledani D, Anselmi P, Robusto E (2019a) Development of a new abbreviated form of the Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised with multidimensional item response theory. Personality Individ Differ 149:108\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2019.05.044","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"key":"1646_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.01.032","volume":"142","author":"D Colledani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colledani D, Anselmi P, Robusto E (2019b) Using multidimensional item response theory to develop an abbreviated form of the Italian version of Eysenck\u2019s IVE questionnaire. Personality Individ Differ 142:45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2019.01.032","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"key":"1646_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4473\/TPM28.3.6","volume":"28","author":"D Colledani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colledani D, Anselmi P, Robusto E (2021) Cross-cultural validation of a new abbreviated version of the EPQ-R. TPM 28:363\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4473\/TPM28.3.6","journal-title":"TPM"},{"key":"1646_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2021.111292","volume":"10","author":"D Colledani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colledani D, Anselmi P, Robusto E (2022) COVID-19 emergency: the influence of implicit attitudes, information sources, and individual characteristics on psychological distress, intentions to get vaccinated, and compliance with restrictive rules. Health Psychol Report 10:1\u201312.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/hpr.2021.111292","journal-title":"Health Psychol Report"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.10.021","volume":"28","author":"SR Cotten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cotten SR, Ford G, Ford S, Hale TM (2012) Internet use and depression among older adults. Comput Hum Behav 28(2):496\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2011.10.021","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1646_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.041","volume":"35","author":"SR Cotten","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cotten SR, Shank DB, Anderson WA (2014) Gender, technology use and ownership, and mediabased multitasking among middle school students. Comput Hum Behav 35:99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.041","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1646_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Couclelis H (2000) From sustainable transportation to sustainable accessibility: Can we avoid a new tragedy of the commons?. In Information, place, and cyberspace (pp 341\u2013356). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-04027-0_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04027-0_20"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/0898562042000205027","volume":"16","author":"H Couclelis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Couclelis H (2004) Pizza over the Internet: e-commerce, the fragmentation of activity and the tyranny of the region. Entrep Reg Dev 16(1):41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0898562042000205027","journal-title":"Entrep Reg Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1646_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242267","volume":"15","author":"L Dal Corso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dal Corso L, De Carlo A, Carluccio F, Colledani D, Falco A (2020) Employee burnout and positive dimensions of well-being: a latent workplace spirituality profile analysis. PLoS ONE 15(11):e0242267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242267","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1206331206289022","volume":"9","author":"A De Souza e Silva","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Souza e Silva A (2006) From cyber to hybrid: Mobile technologies as interfaces of hybrid spaces. Space Cult 9(3):261\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1206331206289022","journal-title":"Space Cult"},{"key":"1646_CR33","volume-title":"Self-disclosure","author":"VL Derlega","year":"1993","unstructured":"Derlega VL, Metts S, Petronio S, Margulis ST (1993) Self-disclosure. Sage"},{"issue":"5","key":"1646_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612469233","volume":"4","author":"FG Deters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deters FG, Mehl MR (2013) Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 4(5):579\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550612469233","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"key":"1646_CR35","unstructured":"Dias P (2014) From \u2018infoxication\u2019to \u2018infosaturation\u2019: a theoretical overview of the cognitive and social effects of digital immersion. \u00c1mbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicaci\u00f3n 24:67\u201384. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10400.14\/14939"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x","volume":"11","author":"N Ellison","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ellison N, Heino R, Gibbs J (2006) Managing impressions online: self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. J Comput-Mediat Commun 11(2):415\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x","journal-title":"J Comput-Mediat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1646_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x","volume":"12","author":"NB Ellison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C (2007) The benefits of Facebook \u201cfriends:\u201d social capital and college students\u2019 use of online social network sites. J Comput-Mediat Commun 12(4):1143\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x","journal-title":"J Comput-Mediat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"1646_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0318","volume":"14","author":"RA Elphinston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elphinston RA, Noller P (2011) Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 14(11):631\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2010.0318","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-09982-4","volume":"25","author":"K Ettinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ettinger K, Cohen A (2020) Patterns of multitasking behaviours of adolescents in digital environments. Educ Inf Technol 25(1):623\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-019-09982-4","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"1646_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.10.029","volume":"122","author":"SL Ferguson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferguson SL, Hull DM (2018) Personality profiles: using latent profile analysis to model personality typologies. Personality Individ Differ 122:177\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2017.10.029","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"key":"1646_CR41","volume-title":"Media multitasking among American youth: prevalence, predictors and pairings","author":"UG Foehr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foehr UG (2006) Media multitasking among American youth: prevalence, predictors and pairings. Kaiser Family Foundation"},{"issue":"12","key":"1646_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.29093.csi","volume":"20","author":"A Gaggioli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaggioli A (2017) Phygital spaces: when atoms meet bits. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 20(12):774\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2017.29093.csi","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294117697083","volume":"120","author":"Y Ge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ge Y, Zhong X, Luo W (2017) Recognition of facial expressions by Urban internet-addicted left-behind children in China: an eye-movement study. Psychol Rep 120(3):391\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033294117697083","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.32.6.1465","volume":"32","author":"CS Green","year":"2006","unstructured":"Green CS, Bavelier D (2006) Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 32(6):1465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.32.6.1465","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"1646_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167190","volume":"323","author":"PM Greenfield","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greenfield PM (2009) Technology and informal education: what is taught, what is learned. Science 323:69\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1167190","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-019-00697-z","volume":"48","author":"D Grewal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grewal D, Noble SM, Roggeveen AL, Nordfalt J (2020) The future of in-store technology. J Acad Mark Sci 48(1):96\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-019-00697-z","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"},{"key":"1646_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470774298.ch12","volume-title":"The internet in everyday life","author":"KN Hampton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hampton KN, Wellman B (2002) The not so global village of Netville. In: Wellman B, Haythornthwaite C (eds) The internet in everyday life. Blackwell, pp 345\u2013371"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/21582041.2020.1833234","volume":"16","author":"L Hantrais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hantrais L, Allin P, Kritikos M, Sogomonjan M, Anand PB, Livingstone S et al (2021) Covid-19 and the digital revolution. Contemp Soc Sci 16(2):256\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21582041.2020.1833234","journal-title":"Contemp Soc Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1646_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240290108195","volume":"18","author":"C Haythornthwaite","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haythornthwaite C (2002) Strong, weak, and latent ties and the impact of new media. Inf Soc 18(5):385\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01972240290108195","journal-title":"Inf Soc"},{"key":"1646_CR50","unstructured":"Holmes H and Burgess G (2020) Pay the wi-fi or feed the children\u2019: Coronavirus has intensified the UK\u2019s digital divide. Cambridge Centre for Housing and Planning Research. Available at: https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/stories\/digitaldivide"},{"key":"1646_CR51","unstructured":"Hoyle RH (Ed) (2012) Handbook of structural equation modeling. Guilford"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model 6(1):1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"1646_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00087","volume":"8","author":"X Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu X, Kim A, Siwek N, Wilder D (2017) The Facebook paradox: effects of facebooking on individuals\u2019 social relationships and psychological well-being. Front Psychol 8:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00087","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670517752459","volume":"21","author":"MH Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang MH, Rust RT (2018) Artificial intelligence in service. J Serv Res 21(2):155\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094670517752459","journal-title":"J Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.11621\/pir.2014.0113","volume":"7","author":"AV Katasonova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katasonova AV, Perkovsky SV, Kravtsova NA (2014) Higher mental functions and time perception in internet-addicted teenagers. Psychol Russia 7(1):135\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11621\/pir.2014.0113","journal-title":"Psychol Russia"},{"key":"1646_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.03.003","author":"P Kline","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kline P (1998) The new psychometrics: science, psychology, and measurement. Psychol Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.03.003","journal-title":"Psychol Press"},{"issue":"9","key":"1646_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16(9):606\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1646_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","volume":"32","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B (2010) The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 32(4):345\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"1646_CR59","unstructured":"Kweon SH, Hwang KH and Jo DH (2011) Time and space perception on media platforms. In: Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association (Vol 12, p 25)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X00009001003","volume":"9","author":"H Lee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lee H, Liebenau J (2000) Time and the internet at the turn of the Millennium. Time Soc 9(1):43\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961463X00009001003","journal-title":"Time Soc"},{"key":"1646_CR61","unstructured":"Lenhart A, Duggan M, Perrin A, Stepler R, Rainie H and Parker K (2015) Teens, social media & technology overview 2015. In Pew research center [internet & American life project]. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2015\/04\/09\/teens-social-media-technology-2015\/"},{"key":"1646_CR62","unstructured":"Li TY, Zhen OW, Mahanama SS, Ravichandran P and Kareem SFBA (2019) \u201cNot Just Fun and Games\u201d the effects of video games on hand eye coordination-a randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Health Sci 6(2):10\u201315. http:\/\/www.openscienceonline.com\/journal\/ijnhs"},{"key":"1646_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003","volume":"65","author":"YH Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin YH, Lin YC, Lee YH, Lin PH, Lin SH, Chang LR et al (2015) Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). J Psychiatric Res 65:139\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003","journal-title":"J Psychiatric Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.07.002","volume":"19","author":"T Line","year":"2011","unstructured":"Line T, Jain J, Lyons G (2011) The role of ICTs in everyday mobile lives. J Transp Geogr 19(6):1490\u20131499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2010.07.002","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","volume":"11","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marsh HW, Hau KT, Wen Z (2004) In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) findings. Struct Equ Model 11(3):320\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248384","volume":"16","author":"A Masciantonio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masciantonio A, Bourguignon D, Bouchat P, Balty M, Rim\u00e9 B (2021) Don\u2019t put all social network sites in one basket: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and their relations with well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE 16(3):e0248384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248384","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1646_CR67","volume-title":"Test theory: a unified approach","author":"RP McDonald","year":"1999","unstructured":"McDonald RP (1999) Test theory: a unified approach. Erlbaum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0401_6","volume":"4","author":"KY McKenna","year":"2000","unstructured":"McKenna KY, Bargh JA (2000) Plan 9 from cyberspace: the implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 4(1):57\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0401_6","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922","volume":"55","author":"KY McKenna","year":"2004","unstructured":"McKenna KY, Bargh JA (2004) The internet and social life. Annu Rev Psychol 55(1):573\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00246","volume":"58","author":"KY McKenna","year":"2002","unstructured":"McKenna KY, Green AS, Gleason ME (2002) Relationship formation on the Internet: What\u2019s the big attraction? J Soc Issues 58(1):9\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1540-4560.00246","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"1646_CR71","volume-title":"The Gutenberg galaxy: the making of typographic man","author":"M McLuhan","year":"2011","unstructured":"McLuhan M, Gordon WT, Lamberti E, Scheffel-Dunand D (2011) The Gutenberg galaxy: the making of typographic man. University of Toronto Press"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240600677805","volume":"22","author":"G Mesch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mesch G, Talmud I (2006) The quality of online and offline relationships: the role of multiplexity and duration of social relationships. Inf Soc 22(3):137\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01972240600677805","journal-title":"Inf Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1280-z","volume":"8","author":"C Montag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montag C, B\u0142aszkiewicz K, Sariyska R, Lachmann B, Andone I, Trendafilov B et al (2015) Smartphone usage in the 21st century: who is active on WhatsApp? BMC Res Notes 8(1):331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-1280-z","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"1646_CR74","unstructured":"Motiej\u016bnait\u0117-Schulmeister A, Crosier D (2020) How is Covid-19 affecting schools in Europe? EURYDICE. https:\/\/eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu\/news\/how-covid-19-affecting-schools-europe. Accessed 24 Apr 2022"},{"key":"1646_CR75","volume-title":"Mplus version 7: user\u2019s guide","author":"BO Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n BO, Muth\u00e9n LK (2012) Mplus version 7: user\u2019s guide. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n"},{"issue":"10","key":"1646_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0521","volume":"16","author":"RL Nabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nabi RL, Prestin A, So J (2013) Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 16(10):721\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2012.0521","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"1646_CR77","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nunnally JC (1978) Psychometric theory, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill","edition":"2"},{"key":"1646_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00176.x","volume":"46","author":"MR Parks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Parks MR, Floyd R (1996) Making friends in cyberspace. J Commun 46:80\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00176.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"1646_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102207","volume":"57","author":"R Pillai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pillai R, Sivathanu B, Dwivedi YK (2020) Shopping intention at AI-powered automated retail stores (AIPARS). J Retail Consum Serv 57:102207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102207","journal-title":"J Retail Consum Serv"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.496477","volume":"92","author":"SP Reise","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reise SP, Moore TM, Haviland MG (2010) Bifactor models and rotations: exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. J Pers Assess 92(6):544\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2010.496477","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437","volume":"95","author":"SP Reise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reise SP, Bonifay WE, Haviland MG (2013a) Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. J Pers Assess 95(2):129\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"1646_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164412449831","volume":"73","author":"SP Reise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reise SP, Scheines R, Widaman KF, Haviland MG (2013b) Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: a bifactor perspective. Educ Psychol Measur 73:5\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164412449831","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Measur"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/S11336-008-9102-Z","volume":"74","author":"W Revelle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Revelle W, Zinbarg RE (2009) Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika 74(1):145\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11336-008-9102-Z","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1646_CR84","first-page":"138","volume":"10","author":"VJ Rideout","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rideout VJ (2015) The common sense census: media use by tweens and teens. Common Sense Media Incorporated 10:138\u2013144","journal-title":"Common Sense Media Incorporated"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000045","volume":"21","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Reise SP, Haviland MG (2016) Evaluating bifactor models: calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychol Methods 21(2):137\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000045","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.06.006","volume":"29","author":"LD Rosen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosen LD, Whaling K, Mark Carrier L, Cheever NA, Rokkum J (2013) The media and technology usage and attitudes scale: an empirical investigation. Comput Hum Behav 29(6):2501\u20132511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2013.06.006","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1646_CR87","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Latent variables analysis: applications for developmental research","author":"A Satorra","year":"1994","unstructured":"Satorra A, Bentler PM (1994) Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In: von Eye A, Clogg CC (eds) Latent variables analysis: applications for developmental research. Sage, pp 399\u2013419"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-017-0119-0","volume":"21","author":"E Savina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savina E, Mills JL, Atwood K, Cha J (2017) Digital media and youth: a primer for school psychologists. Contemp Sch Psychol 21(1):80\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40688-017-0119-0","journal-title":"Contemp Sch Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0004","volume":"18","author":"ME Schmidt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt ME, Vandewater EA (2008) Media and attention, cognition, and school achievement. Future Child 18(1):63\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/foc.0.0004","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2007.11.005","volume":"39","author":"T Schwanen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwanen T, Kwan MP (2008) The internet, mobile phone and space-time constraints. Geoforum 39(3):1362\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoforum.2007.11.005","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1646_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.5842","volume":"3","author":"EM Seabrook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seabrook EM, Kern ML, Rickard NS (2016) Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review. JMIR Mental Health 3(4):e50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mental.5842","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102753770552","volume":"37","author":"LH Shaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shaw LH, Gant LM (2004) In defense of the Internet: The relationship between Internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support. Revista De Psicolog\u00eda Del Trabajo y De Las Organizaciones 37(2):157\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/109493102753770552","journal-title":"Revista De Psicolog\u00eda Del Trabajo y De Las Organizaciones"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/S11336-008-9101-0","volume":"74","author":"K Sijtsma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sijtsma K (2009) On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Psychometrika 74(1):107\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11336-008-9101-0","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"21","key":"1646_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11285","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111285","volume":"18","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Qian C, Pickard S (2021) Age-related digital divide during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(21):11285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111285","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1646_CR95","unstructured":"Soper DS (2020) A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models [Software]. Available from http:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc"},{"issue":"18","key":"1646_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","volume":"282","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group (1999) Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA 282(18):1737\u20131744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"1646_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2637","volume":"32","author":"K Sriwilai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sriwilai K, Charoensukmongkol P (2016) Face it, don\u2019t Facebook it: impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. Stress Health 32(4):427\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2637","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"1646_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/135485659900500403","volume":"5","author":"SR Stern","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stern SR (1999) Adolescent girls\u2019 expression on web home pages: spirited, somber and self-conscious sites. Convergence 5:22\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135485659900500403","journal-title":"Convergence"},{"issue":"6","key":"1646_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.07.003","volume":"29","author":"K Subrahmanyam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Subrahmanyam K, Reich SM, Waechter N, Espinoza G (2008) Online and offline social networks: use of social networking sites by emerging adults. J Appl Dev Psychol 29(6):420\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.07.003","journal-title":"J Appl Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1646_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.053","volume":"43","author":"EC Tandoc Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tandoc EC Jr, Ferrucci P, Duffy M (2015) Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing? Comput Hum Behav 43:139\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.053","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1646_CR101","volume-title":"Grown up digital: How the net generation is changing your world","author":"D Tapscott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tapscott D (2008) Grown up digital: How the net generation is changing your world. McGraw-Hill Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"1646_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289858","volume":"69","author":"JM Ten Berge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ten Berge JM, So\u010dan G (2004) The greatest lower bound to the reliability of a test and the hypothesis of unidimensionality. Psychometrika 69(4):613\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289858","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1646_CR103","unstructured":"Tsatsou P (2009) Reconceptualising \u2018time\u2019 and \u2018space\u2019 in the era of electronic media and communications. PLATFORM 1:11\u201332. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2381\/31479"},{"key":"1646_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112673","volume":"284","author":"P \u00dcnal-Ayd\u0131n","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00dcnal-Ayd\u0131n P, Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 K, S\u00f6nmez \u0130, Ayd\u0131n O (2020) Associations between emotion recognition and social networking site addiction. Psychiatry Res 284:112673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112673","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1646_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x","volume":"14","author":"S Valenzuela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valenzuela S, Park N, Kee KF (2009) Is there social capital in a social network site?: Facebook use and college students\u2019 life satisfaction, trust, and participation. J Comput-Mediat Commun 14(4):875\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x","journal-title":"J Comput-Mediat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.267","volume":"43","author":"PM Valkenburg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Valkenburg PM, Peter J (2007) Preadolescents\u2019 and adolescents\u2019 online communication and their closeness to friends. Dev Psychol 43(2):267\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.267","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1646_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.577427","author":"G Van Jaarsveld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Jaarsveld G (2020) The effects of COVID-19 among the elderly population: a case for closing the digital divide. Front Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.577427","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12033","volume":"11","author":"P Verduyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verduyn P, Ybarra O, R\u00e9sibois M, Jonides J, Kross E (2017) Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. Soc Issues Policy Rev 11(1):274\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sipr.12033","journal-title":"Soc Issues Policy Rev"},{"key":"1646_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106763","volume":"120","author":"M Vimalkumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vimalkumar M, Sharma SK, Singh JB, Dwivedi YK (2021) \u2018Okay google, what about my privacy?\u2019: user\u2019s privacy perceptions and acceptance of voice based digital assistants. Comput Human Behav 120:106763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106763","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"1646_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallinheimo AS and Evans SL (2021) More frequent internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic associates with enhanced quality of life and lower depression scores in middle-aged and older adults. In: Healthcare\u00a0(Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 393). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040393"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR111","first-page":"34","volume":"10","author":"B Wellman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wellman B, Gulia M (1999) Net-surfers don\u2019t ride alone: virtual communities as communities. Netw Global Village 10(3):34\u201360","journal-title":"Netw Global Village"},{"issue":"3","key":"1646_CR112","first-page":"2469","volume":"27","author":"M Zaffar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaffar M, Mahmood S, Saleem M, Zakaria E (2015) Facebook addiction: relation with depression, anxiety, loneliness and academic performance of Pakistani students. Sci Int (lahore) 27(3):2469\u20132475","journal-title":"Sci Int (lahore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1646_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.012","volume":"24","author":"S Zhao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhao S, Grasmuck S, Martin J (2008) Identity construction on Facebook: digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Comput Hum Behav 24(5):1816\u20131836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.012","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1646_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziker C, Truman B and Dodds H (2021) Cross reality (XR): challenges and opportunities across the spectrum. In: Innovative learning environments in STEM higher education: ppportunities, challenges, and looking forward, 55\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58948-6_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58948-6_4"},{"issue":"1","key":"1646_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7","volume":"70","author":"RE Zinbarg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zinbarg RE, Revelle W, Yovel I, Li W (2005) Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1, Revelle\u2019s \u03b2, and McDonald\u2019s \u03c9 H: their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika 70(1):123\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"1646_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621606291558","volume":"31","author":"RE Zinbarg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zinbarg RE, Revelle W, Yovel I (2007) Estimating \u03c9h for structures containing two group factors: perils and prospects. Appl Psychol Meas 31(2):135\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146621606291558","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01646-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01646-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01646-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:10:03Z","timestamp":1723529403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01646-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01646-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}