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The article centres on the perspectives of the CHI professionals who deliver that implementation. Its purpose is to elucidate how CHI professionals respond to the opportunities and challenges AI\/ML provides. The three Swedish CHIs discussed here represent different organizational frameworks and have different types of collections, while sharing, to some extent, a similar position in terms of the use of AI\/ML tools and methodologies. The overarching question of this article is what is the state of knowledge about AI\/ML among Swedish CHI professionals, and what are the related issues? To answer this question, we draw on (1) semi-structured interviews with CHI professionals, (2) individual CHI website information, and (3) CHI-internal digitization protocols and digitalization strategies, to provide a nuanced analysis of both professional and organisational processes concerning the implementation of AI\/ML methods and tools. Our study indicates that AI\/ML implementation is in many ways at the very early stages of implementation in Swedish CHIs. The CHI professionals are affected in their AI\/ML engagement by four key issues that emerged in the interviews: their institutional and professional knowledge regarding AI\/ML; the specificities of their collections and associated digitization and digitalization issues; issues around personnel; and issues around AI\/ML resources. The article suggests that a national CHI strategy for AI\/ML might be helpful as would be knowledge-, expertise-, and potentially personnel- and resource-sharing to move beyond the constraints that the CHIs face in implementing AI\/ML.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01689-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T08:01:53Z","timestamp":1684483313000},"page":"2359-2372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["AI and Swedish Heritage Organisations: challenges and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Wennerstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9949-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Foka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/17530350903064097","volume":"2","author":"T Bennett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bennett T (2009) Museum, field, colony: colonial governmentality and the circulation of reference. 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