{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:24:41Z","timestamp":1761402281006,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014438","name":"Business Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005222","name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005222","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The foundations of AI design discourse are worth analyzing. Here, attention is paid to the nature of theory languages used in designing new AI technologies because the limits of these languages can clarify some fundamental questions in the development of AI. We discuss three types of theory language used in designing AI products: formal, computational, and natural. Formal languages, such as mathematics, logic, and programming languages, have fixed meanings and no actual-world semantics. They are context- and practically content-free. Computational languages use terms referring to the actual world, i.e., to entities, events, and thoughts. Thus, computational languages have actual-world references and semantics. They are thus no longer context- or content-free. However, computational languages always have fixed meanings and, for this reason, limited domains of reference. Finally, unlike formal and computational languages, natural languages are creative, dynamic, and productive. Consequently, they can refer to an unlimited number of objects and their attributes in an unlimited number of domains. The differences between the three theory languages enable us to reflect on the traditional problems of strong and weak AI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01716-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T18:02:42Z","timestamp":1689012162000},"page":"2249-2258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Theory languages in designing artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Pertti","family":"Saariluoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8032-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antero","family":"Karvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1716_CR1","volume-title":"Rules of the mind","author":"JR Anderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anderson JR (1993) Rules of the mind. Erlbaum, Hillsdale"},{"key":"1716_CR2","volume-title":"Complete works of Aristotle","author":"Aristotle","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aristotle (1984) Complete works of Aristotle. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"2","key":"1716_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.1985.10018","volume":"7","author":"WF Aspray","year":"1985","unstructured":"Aspray WF (1985) The scientific conceptualization of information: a survey. Ann History Comput 7(2):117\u2013140","journal-title":"Ann History Comput"},{"key":"1716_CR4","volume-title":"Information systems development: methodologies, techniques and tools","author":"D Avison","year":"1995","unstructured":"Avison D, Fitzgerald G (1995) Information systems development: methodologies, techniques and tools. McGraw-Hill, London"},{"key":"1716_CR5","volume-title":"Human memory: theory and practice","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baddeley A (1990) Human memory: theory and practice. Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ"},{"key":"1716_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/IV.14.147","volume":"4","author":"Y Bar-Hillel","year":"1953","unstructured":"Bar-Hillel Y, Carnap R (1953) Semantic information. Br J Philos Sci 4:147\u2013152","journal-title":"Br J Philos Sci"},{"key":"1716_CR7","volume-title":"Remembering","author":"F Bartlett","year":"1932","unstructured":"Bartlett F (1932) Remembering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR8","volume-title":"Science in history","author":"JD Bernal","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bernal JD (1969) Science in history. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth"},{"key":"1716_CR9","volume-title":"AI","author":"M Boden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boden M (2016) AI. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR10","unstructured":"Bringsjord S, Govindarajulu NS (2020) Artificial Intelligence. In: Zalta EN (Ed.) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2020 ed.). https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2020\/entries\/artificial-intelligence\/"},{"key":"1716_CR11","volume-title":"The handbook of linguistics","author":"A Carstairs-McCarthy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carstairs-McCarthy A (2001) Origins of language. In: Aronoff M, Rees-Miller J (eds) The handbook of linguistics. Basil Blackwell, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203014936","volume-title":"Semiotics: the basics","author":"D Chandler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chandler D (2007) Semiotics: the basics. Routledge, London"},{"key":"1716_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112316009","volume-title":"Syntactic structures","author":"N Chomsky","year":"1957","unstructured":"Chomsky N (1957) Syntactic structures. Mounton, The Hague"},{"key":"1716_CR14","volume-title":"Linguistics","author":"D Crystal","year":"1971","unstructured":"Crystal D (1971) Linguistics. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth"},{"key":"1716_CR15","volume-title":"Course in general linguistics","author":"F de Saussure","year":"1983","unstructured":"de Saussure F (1983) Course in general linguistics. Duckworth, London"},{"key":"1716_CR16","volume-title":"A short history of technology","author":"TK Derry","year":"1960","unstructured":"Derry TK, Williams TI (1960) A short history of technology. Dover, New York"},{"key":"1716_CR17","volume-title":"Geschichte des Strukturalismus [The history of structuralism]","author":"F Dosse","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dosse F (1992) Geschichte des Strukturalismus [The history of structuralism]. Fischer, Frankfurt Am Main"},{"key":"1716_CR18","volume-title":"What computers (still) can\u2019t do?","author":"H Dreyfus","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dreyfus H (1992) What computers (still) can\u2019t do? MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-15849-2","volume-title":"A theory of semiotics","author":"U Eco","year":"1976","unstructured":"Eco U (1976) A theory of semiotics. Indiana University Press, Bloomington"},{"key":"1716_CR20","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Information and computer ethics","author":"L Floridi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Floridi L (2010) Ethics and information revolution. In: Floridi L (ed) Information and computer ethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 3\u201319"},{"key":"1716_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199232383.001.0001","volume-title":"Philosophy of information","author":"L Floridi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Floridi L (2011) Philosophy of information. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR201","unstructured":"Floridi L (2013) The philosophy of information. Oxford univeristy press, Oxford"},{"issue":"3","key":"1716_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-017-9438-1","volume":"27","author":"L Floridi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Floridi L (2017) The logic of design as a conceptual logic of information. Mind Mach 27(3):495\u2013519","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"key":"1716_CR23","first-page":"419","volume":"17","author":"L Floridi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Floridi L, Taddeo M (2004) The symbol grounding problem: a critical review of a fifteen years of research. J Exp Theor Artif Intell 17:419\u2013445","journal-title":"J Exp Theor Artif Intell"},{"key":"1716_CR24","volume-title":"A theory of contents","author":"J Fodor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fodor J (1990) A theory of contents. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR25","volume-title":"The rise of robots","author":"M Ford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ford M (2014) The rise of robots. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"1716_CR206","unstructured":"Foucault M (1972) The Archeology of knowledge. Tavistock, London"},{"key":"1716_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10700","volume-title":"G\u00f6del\u2019s theorem","author":"T Franzen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Franzen T (2005) G\u00f6del\u2019s theorem. Peters, Wesley"},{"key":"1716_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.07.033","volume":"220","author":"K Fukuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fukuda K (2020) Science, technology and innovation ecosystem transformation toward society 5.0. Int J Prod Econ 220:2\u201314","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"1716_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139165914","volume-title":"Psycholinguistics","author":"M Garman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Garman M (1990) Psycholinguistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR29","volume-title":"On formally undecidable propositions","author":"K G\u00f6del","year":"1962","unstructured":"G\u00f6del K (1962) On formally undecidable propositions. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"1716_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8975.001.0001","volume-title":"The machine question","author":"D Gunkel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gunkel D (2012) The machine question. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR31","volume-title":"Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns 1\u20132 [Theory of communicative behavior]","author":"J Habermas","year":"1981","unstructured":"Habermas J (1981) Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns 1\u20132 [Theory of communicative behavior]. Surkamp, Frankfurt am Main"},{"key":"1716_CR32","volume-title":"Diskursethik [Discourse ethics]","author":"J Habermas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Habermas J (2009) Diskursethik [Discourse ethics]. Surkamp, Frankfurt am Main"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1716_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90087-6","volume":"42","author":"S Harnad","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harnad S (1990) The symbol grounding problem. Phys D 42(1\u20133):335\u2013346","journal-title":"Phys D"},{"key":"1716_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203443934","volume-title":"Structuralism and semiotics","author":"T Hawkes","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hawkes T (1977) Structuralism and semiotics. Routledge, London"},{"key":"1716_CR35","volume-title":"Knowledge and belief","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hintikka J (1963) Knowledge and belief. Cornell University Press, Ithaca"},{"key":"1716_CR36","volume-title":"Logic, language-games and information","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hintikka J (1973) Logic, language-games and information. Clarendon Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR37","volume-title":"Handbook of logic and language","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hintikka J, Sandu G (1997) Game theoretical semantics. In: van Bentheim J, Meulen A (eds) Handbook of logic and language. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"1716_CR38","volume-title":"Parallel models of associative memory","author":"G Hinton","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hinton G (1981) Implementing sematic networks in parallel hardware. In: Hinton G, Anderson J (eds) Parallel models of associative memory. Erlbaum, Hillsdale"},{"key":"1716_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400865123","volume-title":"Alan Turing: the enigma","author":"A Hodges","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hodges A (2014) Alan Turing: the enigma. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"key":"1716_CR40","volume-title":"Mental models: towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness","author":"P Johnson-Laird","year":"1983","unstructured":"Johnson-Laird P (1983) Mental models: towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199551330.001.0001","volume-title":"How we reason?","author":"P Johnson-Laird","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson-Laird P (2008) How we reason? Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","volume":"29","author":"D Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones D, Snider C, Nassehi A, Yon J, Hicks B (2020) Characterising the Digital Twin: a systematic literature review. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 29:36\u201352","journal-title":"CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol"},{"key":"1716_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0975-2","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of information","author":"J K\u00e5hre","year":"2002","unstructured":"K\u00e5hre J (2002) The mathematical theory of information. Kluwer, Boston"},{"key":"1716_CR44","volume-title":"Kritik der reinen Vernunft. [The critique of pure reason]","author":"I Kant","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kant I (1976) Kritik der reinen Vernunft. [The critique of pure reason]. Felix Meiner, Hamburg (Original work published 1781)"},{"key":"1716_CR45","volume-title":"Introduction to metamathematics","author":"S Kleene","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kleene S (1971) Introduction to metamathematics. Wolters-Noorhoff, Groningen"},{"key":"1716_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-96384-1","volume-title":"Associative memory","author":"T Kohonen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kohonen T (1977) Associative memory. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"1716_CR47","volume-title":"Die Methode des Gedankenexperiments","author":"U Kuehne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuehne U (2005) Die Methode des Gedankenexperiments. Surkamp, Frankfurt am Main"},{"key":"1716_CR48","volume-title":"The structure of scientific revolutions","author":"T Kuhn","year":"1962","unstructured":"Kuhn T (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago"},{"key":"1716_CR49","volume-title":"Semantics","author":"GN Leech","year":"1983","unstructured":"Leech GN (1983) Semantics. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth"},{"key":"1716_CR50","volume-title":"Human information processing","author":"P Lindsay","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lindsay P, Norman D (1977) Human information processing. Academic Press, New York"},{"key":"1716_CR51","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Minds and machines","author":"JR Lucas","year":"1964","unstructured":"Lucas JR (1964) Minds, machines and G\u00f6del. In: Anderson AR (ed) Minds and machines. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, pp 43\u201359"},{"key":"1716_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139165693","volume-title":"Semantics 1\u20132","author":"J Lyons","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lyons J (1977) Semantics 1\u20132. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons J (1995) Linguistic semantics: an introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810213"},{"key":"1716_CR53","volume-title":"Cognitive neuropsychology","author":"RA McCarthy","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCarthy RA, Warrington EK (1990) Cognitive neuropsychology. Academic Press, San Diego"},{"key":"1716_CR54","volume-title":"Computation: Finite and infinite machines","author":"ML Minsky","year":"1967","unstructured":"Minsky ML (1967) Computation: Finite and infinite machines. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"1716_CR504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myllyl\u00e4 M, Saariluoma P (2022) Expertise and becoming conscious of something. New Ideas Psychol 64:100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2021.100916"},{"key":"1716_CR55","volume-title":"Human problem solving","author":"A Newell","year":"1972","unstructured":"Newell A, Simon HA (1972) Human problem solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"1716_CR56","volume-title":"The meaning of meaning","author":"C Ogden","year":"1923","unstructured":"Ogden C, Richards I (1923) The meaning of meaning. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London"},{"key":"1716_CR57","volume-title":"A hundred years of philosophy","author":"J Passmore","year":"1957","unstructured":"Passmore J (1957) A hundred years of philosophy. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth"},{"key":"1716_CR58","volume-title":"Collected papers V-VII","author":"C Peirce","year":"1940","unstructured":"Peirce C (1940) Collected papers V-VII. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR59","volume-title":"The annotated Turing","author":"C Petzold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petzold C (2008) The annotated Turing. Wiley, Indianapolis"},{"key":"1716_CR60","unstructured":"Raatikainen P (2021) G\u00f6del\u2019s incompleteness theorems. In: Zalta EN (Ed.) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2021 ed.). https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2021\/entries\/goedel-incompleteness\/"},{"key":"1716_CR61","volume-title":"Life itself: a comprehensive inquiry into the nature, origin, and fabrication of life","author":"R Rosen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rosen R (1991) Life itself: a comprehensive inquiry into the nature, origin, and fabrication of life. Columbia University Press, New York"},{"key":"1716_CR62","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence","author":"S Russell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Russell S, Norvig P (1995) Artificial intelligence. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River"},{"key":"1716_CR63","volume-title":"Foundational analysis: presuppositions in experimental psychology","author":"P Saariluoma","year":"1997","unstructured":"Saariluoma P (1997) Foundational analysis: presuppositions in experimental psychology. Routledge, London"},{"key":"1716_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.14355\/ijps.2016.04.004","volume":"4","author":"P Saariluoma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saariluoma P, Rauterberg M (2016) Turing\u2019s error-revised. Int J Philos Study 4:22\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14355\/ijps.2016.04.004","journal-title":"Int J Philos Study"},{"key":"1716_CR65","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Design computing and cognition\u201906","author":"P Saariluoma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saariluoma P, Nevala K, Karvinen M (2006) Content-based analysis of modes in design engineering. In: Gero J, Goel A (eds) Design computing and cognition\u201906. Springer, Berlin, pp 325\u2013344"},{"key":"1716_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-53047-9","volume-title":"Designing for life: a human perspective on technology development","author":"P Saariluoma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saariluoma P, Ca\u00f1as JJ, Leikas J (2016) Designing for life: a human perspective on technology development. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London"},{"key":"1716_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saariluoma P, Rousi R (2015) Symbolic interactions: towards a cognitive scientific theory of meaning in human technology interaction. J Adv Humanit 3(3): 310\u2013324. http:\/\/cirworld.org\/journals\/index.php\/JAH\/article\/view\/100na","DOI":"10.24297\/jah.v3i2.5145"},{"key":"1716_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saariluoma P, Ca\u00f1as J, Karvonen A (2021) Human digital twins and cognitive mimetic. In: Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies: Future Applications (IHIET 2020), August 27\u201329, 2020, Paris, France (pp. 97\u2013102). Springer International Publishing","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55307-4_15"},{"key":"1716_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107325630","volume-title":"Computation and automata","author":"A Salomaa","year":"1985","unstructured":"Salomaa A (1985) Computation and automata. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR70","volume-title":"Mind, brains & science","author":"J Searle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Searle J (1991) Mind, brains & science. Penguin Books, London"},{"key":"1716_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"C Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon C (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379\u2013423 (623\u2013656)","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"1716_CR72","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of communication","author":"C Shannon","year":"1949","unstructured":"Shannon C, Weaver W (1949) The mathematical theory of communication. Illinois University Press, Urbana"},{"key":"1716_CR73","volume-title":"Life 3.0","author":"M Tegmark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tegmark M (2017) Life 3.0. Penguin Books, St Ives"},{"key":"1716_CR74","volume-title":"The essential Turing","author":"AM Turing","year":"1948","unstructured":"Turing AM (1948) Intelligent machinery. In: Copeland J (ed) The essential Turing. Clarendon Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","volume":"59","author":"AM Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing AM (1950) Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59:433\u2013460","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"1716_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turing AM (1936\u20137) On computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem. Proc Lond Math Soc 42: 230\u2013265","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s2-42.1.230"},{"key":"1716_CR77","volume-title":"Logiikka, filosofian ja kieli [Logic, philosophy and language]","author":"GH von Wright","year":"1956","unstructured":"von Wright GH (1956) Logiikka, filosofian ja kieli [Logic, philosophy and language]. WSOY, Porvoo"},{"key":"1716_CR78","volume-title":"The dream machine: JCR Licklider and the revolution that made computing personal","author":"MM Waldrop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waldrop MM (2018) The dream machine: JCR Licklider and the revolution that made computing personal, 4th edn. Stripe Press, San Francisco","edition":"4"},{"key":"1716_CR79","volume-title":"Behaviorism","author":"J Watson","year":"1914","unstructured":"Watson J (1914) Behaviorism. Keagan Paul, London"},{"key":"1716_CR80","volume-title":"Cybernetics","author":"N Wiener","year":"1948","unstructured":"Wiener N (1948) Cybernetics. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1716_CR81","volume-title":"Philosophical investigations","author":"L Wittgenstein","year":"1953","unstructured":"Wittgenstein L (1953) Philosophical investigations. Basil Blackwell, Oxford"},{"key":"1716_CR82","volume-title":"Tractatus-Logico philosophicus","author":"L Wittgenstein","year":"1961","unstructured":"Wittgenstein L (1961) Tractatus-Logico philosophicus. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (Original work published 1921)"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01716-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01716-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01716-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T04:09:06Z","timestamp":1726805346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01716-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01716-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Additional declarations for articles in life science journals that report the results of studies involving humans and\/or animals"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}