{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:27:05Z","timestamp":1771468025525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article starts from the observation that practices of \u2018algorithmic governmentality\u2019 or \u2018governance by data\u2019 are reconfiguring modes of social relationality and collectivity. By building, first, on an empirical exploration of digital bordering practices, we qualify these emergent algorithmic categories as \u2018clusters\u2019\u2014pulsing patterns distilled from disaggregated data. As fluid, modular, and ever-emergent forms of association, these \u2018clusters\u2019 defy stable expressions of collective representation and social recognition. Second, we observe that this empirical analysis resonates with accounts that diagnosed algorithmic governance as a threat to legal subjectivity and socio-political cohesion, and called for a reinvigoration of democratic values and their re-alignment with new \u2018infrastructural publics\u2019. Against this backdrop, however, we explore alternatives avenues of legal imagination by pushing in a different (somewhat opposite) direction. Against the re-inscription of liberal categories, we linger with the promise and prospect of illegibility as resistance against the foreclosure of future potentialities in algorithmic forms of subject-making. Instead of falling back on the projection of autonomous human agency and liberal subjectivity to counteract the \u2018cluster\u2019, we imagine emancipatory expressions of resistance that are enacted through fugitive, opaque, and experimental collectivities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01728-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T09:02:06Z","timestamp":1694077326000},"page":"107-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["On phantom publics, clusters, and collectives: be(com)ing subject in algorithmic times"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Petersmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Van Den Meerssche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1728_CR1","unstructured":"Abdurraqib H, Moten F (2021) Building a stairway to get us closer to something beyond this place. Millennials are Killing Capitalism Podcast. https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/anticapitalist-millennials\/hanif-abdurraqib-fred-moten. Accessed 30 June 2022"},{"key":"1728_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/aju.2021.52","volume":"115","author":"T Achiume","year":"2021","unstructured":"Achiume T (2021) Digital racial borders. AJIL Unbound 115:333\u2013338","journal-title":"AJIL Unbound"},{"key":"1728_CR3","unstructured":"Achiume T (2022a) Lecture at the Annual Conference of the European Society of International Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"1728_CR4","first-page":"446","volume":"110","author":"T Achiume","year":"2022","unstructured":"Achiume T (2022b) Racial borders. Georgetown Law J 110(3):446\u2013508","journal-title":"Georgetown Law J"},{"key":"1728_CR5","volume-title":"Lenin and philosophy and other essays","author":"L Althusser","year":"1971","unstructured":"Althusser L (1971) Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (notes towards an investigation). In: Althusser L (ed) Lenin and philosophy and other essays. Monthly Review Press, New York"},{"key":"1728_CR6","unstructured":"Amaro R (2019) AI as an act of thought. Sonic Acts Festival. www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ys9gCR3PFF4 (at min 32:43). Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR7","unstructured":"Amaro R (2020a) Threshold value. e-flux. www.e-flux.com\/architecture\/education\/322664\/threshold-value. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR8","unstructured":"Amaro R (2020b) As if. In: Jaque A, Otero Verzier M and Pietroiusti L (eds) More-than-Human. Het Nieuwe Instituut Rotterdam."},{"key":"1728_CR9","unstructured":"Amaro R (2021) Machine learning, surveillance and the politics of visibility. In: Vickers B, Allado-McDowell K (eds) Atlas of Anomalous AI. Lawson Publishing Limited Montgomery, Powys."},{"key":"1728_CR10","volume-title":"The black technical object: on machine learning and the aspiration of black being","author":"R Amaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amaro R (2022) The black technical object: on machine learning and the aspiration of black being. MIT Press, Massachusetts"},{"key":"1728_CR11","unstructured":"Amaro R, Khan M (2020) Towards black individuation and a calculus of variations. e-flux. www.e-flux.com\/journal\/109\/330246\/towards-black-individuation-and-a-calculus-of-variations. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR12","volume-title":"The politics of possibility: risk and security beyond probability","author":"L Amoore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amoore L (2013) The politics of possibility: risk and security beyond probability. Duke university Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR13","volume-title":"Cloud ethics: algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others","author":"L Amoore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amoore L (2020) Cloud ethics: algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR14","volume-title":"Imperialism, sovereignty and the making of international law","author":"A Anghie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anghie A (2004) Imperialism, sovereignty and the making of international law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2020.1853103","volume":"27","author":"C Aradau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aradau C (2022) Experimentality, surplus data and the politics of debilitation in borderzones. Geopolitics 27(1):26\u201346","journal-title":"Geopolitics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1728_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431016667623","volume":"20","author":"C Aradau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aradau C, Blanke T (2017) Politics of prediction: security and the time\/space of governmentality in the age of big data. Eur J Soc Theory 20(3):373\u2013391","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/eis.2017.14","volume":"3","author":"C Aradau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aradau C, Blanke T (2018) Governing others: anomaly and the algorithmic subject of security. Eur J Int Secur 3(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"Eur J Int Secur"},{"key":"1728_CR18","volume-title":"The future of human rights","author":"U Baxi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baxi U (2002) The future of human rights. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1728_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv12101zq","volume-title":"Meeting the universe halfway: quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning","author":"K Barad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barad K (2007) Meeting the universe halfway: quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR20","volume-title":"Vibrant matter: a political ecology of things","author":"J Bennett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bennett J (2009) Vibrant matter: a political ecology of things. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR21","volume-title":"Race after technology: abolitionist tools for the new Jim code","author":"R Benjamin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin R (2019) Race after technology: abolitionist tools for the new Jim code. Polity, Cambridge"},{"key":"1728_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11304.003.0008","volume-title":"Human rights in the age of platforms","author":"A Bechmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bechmann A (2019) Data as humans: representation, accountability, and equality in big data. In: J\u00f8rgensen RF (ed) Human rights in the age of platforms. MIT Press, Massachusetts, pp 73\u201394"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/ejil\/chy013","volume":"29","author":"E Benvenisti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benvenisti E (2018) Upholding democracy amid the challenges of new technology: what role for the law of global governance? Eur J Int Law 29(1):9\u201382","journal-title":"Eur J Int Law"},{"key":"1728_CR24","unstructured":"BAE, using data to secure the UK border. https:\/\/www.baesystems.com\/en\/cybersecurity\/feature\/using-data-to-secure-the-uk-border. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR25","unstructured":"Buolamwini J, Aspire mirror. Homepage. http:\/\/www.aspiremirror.com\/ Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR26","unstructured":"Buolamwini J (2020) Coded bias. www.codedbias.com. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR27","volume-title":"Edgework: critical essays on knowledge and politics","author":"W Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown W (2005) Edgework: critical essays on knowledge and politics. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0896920509347144","volume":"38","author":"S Browne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Browne S (2010) Digital epidermalization: race, identity and biometrics. Crit Sociol 38(1):131\u2013150","journal-title":"Crit Sociol"},{"key":"1728_CR29","volume-title":"Dark matters: on the surveillance of blackness","author":"S Browne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Browne S (2015) Dark matters: on the surveillance of blackness. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR30","volume-title":"Antigone\u2019s claim. Kinship between life and death","author":"J Butler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Butler J (2000) Antigone\u2019s claim. Kinship between life and death. Columbia University Press, New York"},{"key":"1728_CR31","unstructured":"Biennale Arte (2022) Meetings on art: what could a vessel be? www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4BYPvgRJGQg&t=4108s. (33:17\u201333:42mins). Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR32","volume-title":"The human dimension of international law: selected papers of Antonio Cassese","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cassese PG, Zappal\u00e0 S (eds) (2008) The human dimension of international law: selected papers of Antonio Cassese. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1728_CR33","volume-title":"X\u2014the problem of the Negro as a problem for thought","author":"ND Chandler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chandler ND (2013) X\u2014the problem of the Negro as a problem for thought. Fordham University Press, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"1728_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1177\/0305829815576817","volume":"43","author":"D Chandler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chandler D (2015) A world without causation: big data and the coming of age of posthumanism. Millennium J Int Stud 43(3):833\u2013851","journal-title":"Millennium J Int Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"J Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen J (2017) Affording fundamental rights. Crit Anal Law 4(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Crit Anal Law"},{"key":"1728_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J (2020) The emergent limbic media system. In: Hildebrandt M, O\u2019Hara K, Lie (eds) The law in the era of data driven agency. Edward Edgar, Cheltenham, pp 60\u201379","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788972000.00010"},{"key":"1728_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culp A (2021) Afro-Pessimism and non-philosophy at the zero point of subjectivity, history, and aesthetics. In: Ferguson K (ed) The big no. Minnesota University Press, Minneapolis","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv270kv8d.10"},{"key":"1728_CR38","volume-title":"The politics of large numbers: a history of statistical reasoning","author":"A Desroisi\u00e8res","year":"2002","unstructured":"Desroisi\u00e8res A (2002) The politics of large numbers: a history of statistical reasoning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1728_CR39","volume-title":"Pure immanence: essays on a life","author":"G Deleuze","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deleuze G (2001) Pure immanence: essays on a life. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"5","key":"1728_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010614543585","volume":"45","author":"M de Goede","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Goede M, Simon S, Hoijtink M (2014) Performing preemption. Secur Dialogue 45(5):411\u2013422","journal-title":"Secur Dialogue"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431014534353","volume":"18","author":"H Dijstelbloem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dijstelbloem H, Broeders D (2015) Border surveillance, mobility management and the shaping of non-publics in Europe. Eur J Soc Theory 18(1):21\u201338","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"1728_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/1532708616655769","volume":"16","author":"E Dixon-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dixon-Rom\u00e1n E (2016) Algo-Ritmo: more-than-human performative acts and the racializing assemblages of algorithmic architectures. Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies 16(5):482\u2013490","journal-title":"Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"1728_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3138\/utlj-2021-0011","volume":"72","author":"T Endicott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Endicott T, Yeung K (2021) The death of law? Computationally personalized norms and the rule of law. Univ Toronto Law J 72(4):373\u2013402","journal-title":"Univ Toronto Law J"},{"key":"1728_CR44","unstructured":"European Commission (DG for Migration and Home Affairs), Passenger Name Record (PNR)"},{"key":"1728_CR45","unstructured":"European Commission, Delegated Decision on Further Defining Security, Illegal Immigration or High Epidemic Risks, 23 November 2021, Articles 3\u20136"},{"key":"1728_CR46","unstructured":"European Commission (2020) (DG for Migration and Home Affairs), Opportunities and Challenges for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Border Control, Migration and Security."},{"key":"1728_CR47","unstructured":"European Parliament (2021) Artificial intelligence at EU borders: overview of applications and key issues"},{"key":"1728_CR48","unstructured":"EU Innovation Hub for Internal Security, Report to COSI, 24 February 2021 (copy on file with authors)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1728_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1086\/448181","volume":"8","author":"M Foucault","year":"1982","unstructured":"Foucault M (1982) The subject and power. Crit Inq 8(4):777\u2013795","journal-title":"Crit Inq"},{"key":"1728_CR50","volume-title":"Discipline and punish","author":"M Foucault","year":"1991","unstructured":"Foucault M (1991) Discipline and punish. Vintage Books, New York"},{"key":"1728_CR51","unstructured":"Foucault M (2008) The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France 1978\u20131979 (transl. G. Burchell), Picador, New York"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1728_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11186-020-09409-x","volume":"49","author":"M Fourcade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fourcade M, Johns F (2020) Loops, ladders and links: the recursivity of social and machine learning. Theory Soc 49(5\u20136):803\u2013832","journal-title":"Theory Soc"},{"key":"1728_CR53","unstructured":"Fanon F (1952) Black skin, white masks. Editions de Seuil, France"},{"key":"1728_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.10257","volume-title":"The poetics of relation","author":"E Glissant","year":"1997","unstructured":"Glissant E (1997) The poetics of relation. The university of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor"},{"key":"1728_CR55","volume-title":"Between facts and norms","author":"J Habermas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Habermas J (1998) Between facts and norms. MIT Press, Massachusetts"},{"key":"1728_CR56","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Historical ontology","author":"I Hacking","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hacking I (2002) Making up people. In: Hacking I (ed) Historical ontology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 99\u2013114"},{"key":"1728_CR57","unstructured":"Hacking I (2006) Making up people. London Review of Books 28(16). https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v28\/n16\/ian-hacking\/making-up-people. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"1728_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/00071310020015280","volume":"51","author":"KD Haggerty","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haggerty KD, Ericson RV (2000) The surveillant assemblage. Br J Sociol 51(4):605\u2013622","journal-title":"Br J Sociol"},{"key":"1728_CR59","unstructured":"Haraway D (1991) A cyborg manifesto: science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. In: Haraway D, Simians (eds) Cyborgs and women: the reinvention of nature. Routledge, New York"},{"key":"1728_CR60","volume-title":"Scenes of subjection: terror, slavery, and self-making in 19th century America","author":"S Hartman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hartman S (1997) Scenes of subjection: terror, slavery, and self-making in 19th century America. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"1728_CR61","volume-title":"The undercommons: fugitive planning & black study","author":"H Harney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harney H, Moten F (2013) The undercommons: fugitive planning & black study. Minor Compositions, Wivenhoe"},{"key":"1728_CR62","volume-title":"All incomplete","author":"H Harney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harney H, Moten F (2021) All incomplete. Minor Compositions, Wivenhoe"},{"key":"1728_CR63","unstructured":"Hui Y, Amaro R (2021) Designing for intelligence. In: 6In Vickers B and Allado-McDowell K (eds) Atlas of Anomalous AI, Lawson Publishing Limited Montgomery, Powys."},{"key":"1728_CR64","volume-title":"Smart technologies and the end(s) of law: novel entanglements of law and technology","author":"M Hildebrandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hildebrandt M (2016a) Smart technologies and the end(s) of law: novel entanglements of law and technology. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR65","first-page":"116","volume":"4","author":"M Hildebrandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hildebrandt M (2016b) Law as affordance: the devil is in the vanishing points. Crit Anal Law 4(1):116\u2013128","journal-title":"Crit Anal Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2230.12165","volume":"79","author":"M Hildebrandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hildebrandt M (2016c) Law as information in the era of data-driven agency. Mod Law Rev 79(1):1\u201330","journal-title":"Mod Law Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1515\/til-2019-0004","volume":"20","author":"M Hildebrandt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hildebrandt M (2019) Privacy as protection of the incomputable self: from agnostic to agonistic machine learning. Theoret Inquiries Law 20(1):83\u2013121","journal-title":"Theoret Inquiries Law"},{"key":"1728_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788972000","volume-title":"Life and the law in the era of data-driven agency","author":"M Hildebrandt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hildebrandt M (2020) Life and the law in the era of machine agency. In: Hildebrandt M, O\u2019Hara K (eds) Life and the law in the era of data-driven agency. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 253\u2013264"},{"key":"1728_CR69","unstructured":"HM Government (2020) 2025 UK border strategy, London"},{"key":"1728_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohmann (2021) Diffuse subjects and dispersed power: new materialist insights and cautionary lessons for international law. Leiden J Int Law 34(3):585\u2013606","DOI":"10.1017\/S0922156521000157"},{"key":"1728_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720969208","author":"E Isin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isin E, Ruppert E (2020) The birth of sensory power. Big Data Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951720969208","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"1728_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138","volume":"17","author":"F Johns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johns F (2021) Governance by data. Annu Rev Law Soc Sci 17:53\u201371","journal-title":"Annu Rev Law Soc Sci"},{"key":"1728_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judy AR (2020) Sentient flesh: thinking in disorder, Poi\u0113sis in Black, Duke University Press, Durham","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv16rdcsj"},{"key":"1728_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199588817.003.0008","volume-title":"From bilateralism to community interest: essays in honour of Bruno Simma","author":"B Kingsbury","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kingsbury B, Donaldson M (2011) From bilateralism to publicness in international law. In: Fastenrath U, Geiger R, Khan D-E, Paulus A, von Schorlemer S, Vedder C (eds) From bilateralism to community interest: essays in honour of Bruno Simma. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 79\u201389"},{"key":"1728_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-011521-082856","volume":"17","author":"B Kingsbury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kingsbury B, Maisley N (2021) Infrastructures and laws: publics and publicness. Annu Rev Law Soc Sci 17:353\u2013373","journal-title":"Annu Rev Law Soc Sci"},{"key":"1728_CR76","volume-title":"We have never been modern","author":"B Latour","year":"1993","unstructured":"Latour B (1993) We have never been modern. Harvard University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1728_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199601684.001.0001","volume-title":"Fault lines of globalization: legal order and the politics of a-legality","author":"H Lindahl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindahl H (2013) Fault lines of globalization: legal order and the politics of a-legality. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1728_CR78","volume-title":"Data selves: more-than-human perspectives","author":"D Lupton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lupton D (2020) Data selves: more-than-human perspectives. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"1728_CR79","unstructured":"Lippmann W (1993 [1927]) The phantom public. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick"},{"key":"1728_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mol (2003) The body multiple: ontology in medical practice. Duke University Press, Durham","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1220nc1"},{"key":"1728_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKittrick K (2013) Plantation futures. Small Axe 17(3(42)): 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1215\/07990537-2378892"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"1728_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1367549415577384","volume":"18","author":"A Mackenzie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mackenzie A (2015) The production of prediction: what does machine learning want? Eur J Cult Stud 18(4\u20135):429\u2013445","journal-title":"Eur J Cult Stud"},{"issue":"53","key":"1728_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1086\/657241","volume":"52","author":"SE Merry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merry SE (2011) Measuring the world indicators, human rights, and global governance. Curr Anthropol 52(53):83\u201395","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"1728_CR84","volume-title":"Border as method: or, the multiplication of labor","author":"S Mezzadra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mezzadra S, Neilson B (2013) Border as method: or, the multiplication of labor. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR85","unstructured":"Marks S (2021) Dignity and indignity in the South African toilet wars\u2019, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, March 2021. https:\/\/www.lcil.cam.ac.uk\/lectures-events\/hersch-lauterpacht-memorial-lectures. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR86","first-page":"127","volume":"39","author":"I Mann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mann I (2021) Border masquerades. Berkeley J Int Law 39(1):127\u2013160","journal-title":"Berkeley J Int Law"},{"key":"1728_CR87","volume-title":"Black and blur","author":"F Moten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moten F (2017) Black and blur. Duke university Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR88","volume-title":"The universal machine","author":"F Moten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moten F (2018) The universal machine. Duke university Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR89","unstructured":"Moten F, Harney S (2021) Wildcat the totality. (Millennials are killing capitalism podcast), https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/anticapitalist-millennials\/wildcat-the-totality-fred. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"key":"1728_CR90","volume-title":"Parables for the virtual: movement affect sensation","author":"B Massumi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Massumi B (2002) Parables for the virtual: movement affect sensation. Duke University Press, Durham"},{"key":"1728_CR91","unstructured":"Ranci\u00e8re J (1998) Dis-Agreement: Politics and Philosophy. (transl. J. Rose), Minnesota University Press, Minneapolis"},{"key":"1728_CR92","volume-title":"Governing the soul: the shaping of the private self","author":"N Rose","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rose N (1998) Governing the soul: the shaping of the private self. Free Association Books, London"},{"key":"1728_CR93","unstructured":"Rouvroy A (2012) The end(s) of critique: data-behaviourism vs. due-process. In: Hildebrandt M, De Vries E (eds) Privacy, due process and the computational turn. Philosophers of Law Meet Philosophers of Technology. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 143\u2013168"},{"key":"1728_CR94","unstructured":"Rouvroy A (2016) \u2018Big data: l\u2019enjeu est moins la donn\u00e9e personnelle que la disparition de la personne\u2019 (Le Monde, 22 January 2016). www.lemonde.fr\/blog\/binaire\/2016\/01\/22\/le-sujet-de-droit-au-peril-de-la-gouvernementalite-algorithmique\/. Accessed 30 June 2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR95","first-page":"121","volume":"16","author":"A Rouvroy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rouvroy A (2022) Athanasiadou and Klumbyt\u00e9, \u2018Re-Imagining a \u201cWe\u201d Beyond the Gathering of Reductions: Propositions for the Three Ecologies. Footprint 16(1):121\u2013134","journal-title":"Footprint"},{"key":"1728_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3917\/res.177.0163","volume":"177","author":"A Rouvroy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rouvroy A, Berns T (2013) Gouvernementalit\u00e9 Algorithmique et Perspectives d\u2019Emancipation: Le disparate comme condition d\u2019individuation par la relation? R\u00e9seaux 177:163\u2013196","journal-title":"R\u00e9seaux"},{"key":"1728_CR97","unstructured":"Rouvroy A, Stiegler B (2016) The digital regime of truth: from the algorithmic governmentality to a new rule of law. La Deleuziana\u2014Online J Philos 3:6\u201329"},{"key":"1728_CR98","unstructured":"Raso J (Forthcoming 2023) (Searching for) Agencies of the State. In: Johns F, Sullivan G and Van Den Meerssche D (eds) Global Governance by Data: Infrastructures of Algorithmic Rule (on file with authors)."},{"key":"1728_CR99","volume-title":"Translation and subjectivity","author":"N Sakai","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sakai N, Morris M (1997) Translation and subjectivity. Minnesota University Press, Mineapolis"},{"key":"1728_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9788132108108","volume-title":"The emergence of the political subject","author":"R Samaddar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samaddar R (2010) The emergence of the political subject. Sage, New Delhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"1728_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/0263775819865791","volume":"37","author":"S Scheel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scheel S, Ruppert E, Ustek-Spilda F (2019) Enacting migration through data practices. Environ Plan D: Soc Space 37(4):579\u2013588","journal-title":"Environ Plan D: Soc Space"},{"key":"1728_CR102","unstructured":"Star, Bowker (2005) How to infrastructure. In: Lievrouw LA, Livingstone S (eds) The handbook of new media: social shaping and social consequences of ICTs. Sage, London"},{"key":"1728_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108655118","volume-title":"The process of international legal reproduction: inequality, historiography, resistance","author":"R Parfitt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parfitt R (2019) The process of international legal reproduction: inequality, historiography, resistance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"1728_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312720983932","volume":"51","author":"A Pelizza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pelizza A (2021) Identification as translation: the art of choosing the right spokespersons at the securitized border. Soc Stud Sci 51(4):487\u2013511","journal-title":"Soc Stud Sci"},{"key":"1728_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139048200","volume-title":"Decolonising international law: development, economic growth and the politics of universality","author":"S Pahuja","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pahuja S (2011) Decolonising international law: development, economic growth and the politics of universality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4337\/jhre.2021.00.05","volume":"12","author":"M Petersmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petersmann M (2021) Response-abilities of care in more-than-human worlds. J Hum Rights Environ 12(1):102\u2013124","journal-title":"J Hum Rights Environ"},{"key":"1728_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211046377","author":"T Phan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phan T, Wark S (2021) Racial formations as data formations. Big Data Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211046377","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"1728_CR108","unstructured":"Phan T, Wark S (2023) Race, By Proxy. In: Johns F, Sullivan G, Van Den Meerssche D (eds) Global governance by data: infrastructures of algorithmic rule (forthcoming 2023, on file with authors)"},{"key":"1728_CR109","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pattern discrimination","author":"H Steyerl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steyerl H (2019) A sea of data: pattern recognition and corporate animism (forked version). In: Apprich C, Cramer F, Chun WHK, Steyerl H (eds) Pattern discrimination. Meson Press, L\u00fcneburg, pp 1\u201322"},{"key":"1728_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108684415","volume-title":"Capitalism as civilisation: a history of international law","author":"N Tzouvala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tzouvala N (2020) Capitalism as civilisation: a history of international law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1728_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004220706","volume-title":"No citizens here: global subjects and participation in international law","author":"R Urue\u00f1a","year":"2012","unstructured":"Urue\u00f1a R (2012) No citizens here: global subjects and participation in international law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Cheltenham"},{"issue":"1","key":"1728_CR112","first-page":"171","volume":"33","author":"D Van Den Meerssche","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Den Meerssche D (2022) Virtual borders: international law and the elusive inequalities of algorithmic association. Eur J Int Law 33(1):171\u2013204","journal-title":"Eur J Int Law"},{"key":"1728_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Schnitzler A (2018) Infrastructure, apartheid technopolitics, and temporalities of \u201ctransition\u201d. In: N. Anand N. Gupta A. and Appel H. (eds) The promise of infrastructure. Duke University Press, Durham, pp 133\u2013154","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478002031-006"},{"issue":"3","key":"1728_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1353\/ncr.2004.0015","volume":"3","author":"S Wynter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wynter S (2003) Unsettling the coloniality of being\/power\/truth\/freedom: towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation\u2014an argument. New Centen Rev 3(3):257\u2013337","journal-title":"New Centen Rev"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01728-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01728-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01728-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T13:10:52Z","timestamp":1707743452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01728-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01728-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work was supported by a Dutch NWO \u2018Veni\u2019 Grant (VI.Veni.211R.026) on \u2018Anthropocene Legalities: Reconfiguring Legal Relations Within More-than-human Worlds\u2019.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}