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With Sandel arguing that certain aspects of human life (such as our bodies and body parts) should be beyond monetisation and exchange, others argue that emerging technologies such as Personal Information Management Systems can enable a fairer, paid, data exchange between the individual and the organisation, even regarding highly personal data about our bodies and emotions. With the field of data ethics rarely addressing questions of payment, this paper explores normative questions about data dividends. It does so by conducting a UK-wide, demographically representative online survey to quantitatively assess adults\u2019 views on being paid for personal data about their biometrics and emotions via a Personal Information Management System, producing a data dividend, a premise which sees personal data through the prism of markets and property. The paper finds diverse attitudes based on socio-demographic characteristics, the type of personal data sold, and the type of organisation sold to. It argues that (a) Sandel\u2019s argument regarding the moral limits of markets has value in protecting fundamental freedoms of those in society who are arguably least able to (such as the poor); but (b) that contexts of use, in particular, blur moral limits regarding fundamental freedoms and markets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01739-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T18:02:01Z","timestamp":1691863321000},"page":"2569-2583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blurring the moral limits of data markets: biometrics, emotion and data dividends"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vian","family":"Bakir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2463-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Laffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McStay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1739_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.54.2.442","volume":"54","author":"A Acquisti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acquisti A, Taylor C, Wagman L (2016) The economics of privacy. 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Accessed 1 Jan 2023"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01739-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01739-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01739-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T04:12:07Z","timestamp":1726805527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01739-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01739-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"We have included, as a separate file, the approval from Bangor University ethics committee for the entire project (which included three empirical stages involving human beings\u2014interviews, focus groups, and surveys). We also include the information sheet and informed consent forms that we used for all participants in our interviews and focus groups.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}