{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:34:39Z","timestamp":1759336479008,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper argues, against the prevailing view, that consent to privacy policies that regular internet users usually give is largely unproblematic from the moral point of view. To substantiate this claim, we rely on the idea of the right not to know (RNTK), as developed by bioethicists. Defenders of the RNTK in bioethical literature on informed consent claim that patients generally have the right to refuse medically relevant information. In this article we extend the application of the RNTK to online privacy. We then argue that if internet users can be thought of as exercising their RNTK before consenting to privacy policies, their consent ought to be considered free of the standard charges leveled against it by critics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01790-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1697194943000},"page":"2879-2889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Online consent: how much do we need to know?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartlomiej","family":"Chomanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Lauwaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2002.001578","volume":"30","author":"R Andorno","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andorno R (2004) The right not to know: an autonomy based approach. J Med Ethics 30(5):435\u2013439","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01262-5","volume":"37","author":"AJ Andreotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andreotta AJ, Kirkham N, Rizzi M (2022) AI, big data, and the future of consent. AI Soc 37(4):1715\u20131728","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"1790_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1145\/2668897","volume":"57","author":"S Barocas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barocas S, Nissenbaum H (2014) Big data\u2019s end run around procedural privacy protections. Commun ACM 57(11):31\u201333","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"1790_CR4","volume-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"T Beauchamp","year":"1979","unstructured":"Beauchamp T, Childress J (1979) Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"1790_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-019-09508-z","volume":"21","author":"M Becker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becker M (2019) Privacy in the digital age: comparing and contrasting individual versus social approaches towards privacy. Ethics Inf Technol 21(4):307\u2013317","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1790_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-012-9449-x","volume":"16","author":"L Bortolotti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bortolotti L (2013) The relative importance of undesirable truths. Medicine Health Care Philos 16(4):683\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-012-9449-x","journal-title":"Medicine Health Care Philos"},{"unstructured":"Buchak L (2022) Normative theories of rational choice: rivals to expected utility, the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2022 Edition). E. Zalta (Ed.). Retrieved from https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2022\/entries\/rationality-normative-nonutility\/. Accessed 2 May 2023","key":"1790_CR7"},{"key":"1790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69277-3_8","volume-title":"Neurolaw: advances in neuroscience, justice & security","author":"T Douglas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Douglas T, Forsberg L (2021) Three rationales for a legal right to mental integrity. In: Ligthart S, van Toor D, Kooijmans T, Douglas T, Meynen G (eds) Neurolaw: advances in neuroscience, justice & security. Springer, Cham, pp 179\u2013201"},{"issue":"3","key":"1790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-019-00642-2","volume":"180","author":"CS Fuller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuller CS (2019) Is the market for digital privacy a failure? Public Choice 180(3):353\u2013381","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"1790_CR10","volume-title":"Reason and morality","author":"A Gewirth","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gewirth A (1978) Reason and morality. Chicago University Press, Chicago"},{"key":"1790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199744282.001.0001","volume-title":"Heuristics: the foundations of adaptive behavior","author":"GE Gigerenzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gigerenzer GE, Hertwig RE, Pachur TE (2011) Heuristics: the foundations of adaptive behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1790_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315208084-4","volume-title":"Medical ethics prediction and prognosis interdisciplinary perspectives","author":"J-S Gordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gordon J-S (2017) On the nature of the right not to know. In: GadebuschBondio M, Sp\u00f6ring F, Gordon J-S (eds) Medical ethics prediction and prognosis interdisciplinary perspectives. Routledge, London, New York, pp 42\u201354"},{"issue":"5","key":"1790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013058801622","volume":"22","author":"J Harris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harris J, Keywood K (2001) Ignorance, information and autonomy. Theor Med Bioeth 22(5):415\u2013436","journal-title":"Theor Med Bioeth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180111000466","volume":"21","author":"J Herring","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herring J, Foster C (2012) Please don\u2019t tell me\u2019: the right not to know. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 21(1):20\u201329","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-015-9363-z","volume":"17","author":"G Hull","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hull G (2015) Successful failure: what Foucault can teach us about privacy self-management in a world of Facebook and big data. Ethics Inf Technol 17(2):89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-015-9363-z","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12118","volume":"42","author":"G Laurie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laurie G (2014) Recognizing the right not to know: conceptual, professional, and legal implications. J Law Med Ethics 42(1):53\u201363","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mackowiak B, Matejka F, Wiederholt M (2021) Rational inattention: a review. ECB Working Paper, No. 2570. Frankfurt a. M.: European Central Bank (ECB) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2866\/417246","key":"1790_CR17","DOI":"10.2866\/417246"},{"key":"1790_CR18","first-page":"543","volume":"4","author":"AM McDonald","year":"2008","unstructured":"McDonald AM, Cranor LF (2008) The cost of reading privacy policies. I\/S J Law Policy Inf Soc 4:543\u2013565","journal-title":"I\/S J Law Policy Inf Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12592","volume":"39","author":"K Mills","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mills K (2022) Consent and the right to privacy. J Appl Philos 39(4):721\u2013735","journal-title":"J Appl Philos"},{"issue":"3","key":"1790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/9.3.301","volume":"9","author":"D Ost","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ost D (1984) The \u2018Right\u2019 not to know. J Med Philos: Forum Bioeth Philos Med 9(3):301\u2013312","journal-title":"J Med Philos: Forum Bioeth Philos Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-016-9410-4","volume":"19","author":"M Pascalev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pascalev M (2017) Privacy exchanges: restoring consent in privacy self-management. Ethics Inf Technol 19(1):39\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-016-9410-4","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"unstructured":"PEW Research Center (2019) Americans and privacy: concerned, confused and feeling lack of control over their personal information","key":"1790_CR22"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radin MJ (2013) Boilerplate: the fine print, vanishing rights, and the rule of law. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ","key":"1790_CR01","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400844838"},{"key":"1790_CR23","volume-title":"Wild Problems","author":"R Roberts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roberts R (2022) Wild Problems. Portfolio\/Penguin, New York"},{"issue":"7","key":"1790_CR24","first-page":"1880","volume":"126","author":"DJ Solove","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solove DJ (2013) Privacy self-management and the consent paradox. Harv Law Rev 126(7):1880\u20131903","journal-title":"Harv Law Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(87)90168-8","volume":"28","author":"M Weber","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weber M (1987) Decision making with incomplete information. Eur J Oper Res 28(1):44\u201357","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"1790_CR26","volume-title":"The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy","author":"L Wenar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wenar L (2021) Rights. In: Zalta EN (ed) The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Spring, Cham"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/can.2022.4","volume":"52","author":"L Wolmarans","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wolmarans L, Voorhoeve A (2022) What makes personal data processing by social networking services permissible? Can J Philos 52(1):93\u2013108","journal-title":"Can J Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"1790_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1186713","volume":"20","author":"K Yeung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yeung K (2017) \u2018Hypernudge\u2019: big data as a mode of regulation by design. Inf Commun Soc 20(1):118\u2013136","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"key":"1790_CR29","volume-title":"The age of surveillance capitalism: the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power","author":"S Zuboff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zuboff S (2019) The age of surveillance capitalism: the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power, 1st edn. PublicAffairs, New York","edition":"1"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01790-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01790-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01790-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T05:06:02Z","timestamp":1733202362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01790-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01790-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}