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Its starting point is Hutchins\u2019s (1995a) concept of \u2018distributed cognition\u2019 and his argument that his concept of \u2018cultural ecosystems\u2019 constitutes a unit of analysis to investigate collective human\u2009+\u2009machine working and learning (Hutchins, Philos Psychol 27:39\u201349, 2013). It argues that: (i) the former offers a way to reveal the cultural constitution of and enactment of human\u2009+\u2009machine cognition and, in the process, the limitations of the computational and connectionist assumptions about learning that underpin, respectively, good old-fashioned AI and deep learning; and (2) the latter offers a way to identify, when amplified with insights from Socio-Materialism and Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, how ML is further rearranging and reorganising the distributed basis of cognition in assistive assemblages. The paper concludes by outlining a set of conjectures researchers that could use to guide their investigations into the ongoing design and deployment of HL\u2009+\u2009ML assemblages and challenges associated with the interaction between HL\u2009+\u2009ML.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01891-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T19:01:21Z","timestamp":1710702081000},"page":"325-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Machine learning and human learning: a socio-cultural and -material perspective on their relationship and the implications for researching working and learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2060-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Guile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1891_CR1","volume-title":"Machine learning: the new AI","author":"E Alpaydin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alpaydin E (2016) Machine learning: the new AI. 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