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In March 2020, Waymo, Google\/Alphabet\u2019s autonomous vehicle project, introduced the \u2018Open Dataset Virtual Challenge\u2019, an annual competition leveraging their Waymo Open Dataset. This freely accessible dataset comprises annotated autonomous vehicle data from their own Waymo vehicles. Yearly, Waymo has continued to host iterations of this challenge, inviting teams of computer scientists to tackle evolving machine learning and vision problems using Google's data and tools. This article analyses these challenges, situating them within the context of the \u2018Grand Challenges\u2019 of artificial intelligence (AI), which aimed to foster accountable and commercially viable advancements in the late 1980s. Through two exploratory workshops, we adopted a \u2018technographic\u2019 approach to examine the pivotal role of challenges in the development and political economy of AI. Serving as an organising principle for the AI innovation ecosystem, the challenge connects companies and external collaborators, driving advancements in specific machine vision domains. By exploring six key themes\u2014interface methods, incrementalism, metrics, AI vernacular, applied domains, and competitive advantages\u2014the article illustrates the role of these challenges in shaping AI research and development. By unpacking the dynamic interaction between data, computation, and labour, these challenges serve as catalysts propelling advancements towards self-driving technologies. The study reveals how challenges have historically and presently shaped the evolving landscape of self-driving and AI technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01927-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T13:02:03Z","timestamp":1713358923000},"page":"1667-1683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Challenges as catalysts: how Waymo\u2019s Open Dataset Challenges shape AI development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8347-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Hind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1401-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando N.","family":"van der Vlist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2349-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Kanderske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1927_CR1","unstructured":"Anguelov D (2020) Announcing Waymo\u2019s Open Dataset virtual challenges. 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