{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:34:48Z","timestamp":1776116088388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In an era defined by the global surge in the adoption of AI-enabled technologies within public administration, the promises of efficiency and progress are being overshadowed by instances of deepening social inequality, particularly among vulnerable populations. To address this issue, we argue that democratizing AI is a pivotal step toward fostering trust, equity, and fairness within our societies. This article navigates the existing debates surrounding AI democratization but also endeavors to revive and adapt the historical social justice framework, maximum feasible participation, for contemporary participatory applications in deploying AI-enabled technologies in public administration. In our exploration of the multifaceted dimensions of AI\u2019s impact on public administration, we provide a roadmap that can lead beyond rhetoric to practical solutions in the integration of AI in public administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-02120-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T08:47:15Z","timestamp":1730969235000},"page":"3653-3662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Democratizing AI in public administration: improving equity through maximum feasible participation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randon R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1479-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4083-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T.","family":"Hoston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Senthujan","family":"Senkaiahliyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2120_CR1","first-page":"547","volume":"8","author":"G Adler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Adler G (1994) Community action and maximum feasible participation: an opportunity lost but not forgotten for expanding democracy at Home. Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy 8:547","journal-title":"Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy"},{"key":"2120_CR2","unstructured":"Ahmed Nur, Muntasir Wahed (2020) \u201cThe De-Democratization of AI: deep learning and the compute divide in artificial intelligence research.\u201d"},{"key":"2120_CR3","unstructured":"Ahmed, Shakkeel, Ravi S. Mula, and Soma S. Dhavala (2020) \u201cA Framework for Democratizing AI.\u201d"},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746405002472","volume":"4","author":"P Alcock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alcock P (2005) \u2018Maximum feasible understanding\u2019\u2014lessons from previous wars on poverty. Soc Policy Soc 4(3):321\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1474746405002472","journal-title":"Soc Policy Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2120_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2019.04.023","volume":"16","author":"B Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen B, Agarwal S, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Dreyer K (2019) Democratizing AI. J Am Coll Radiol 16(7):961\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacr.2019.04.023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2120_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13427","volume":"82","author":"M Angst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Angst M, Mewhirter J, McLaughlin D, Fischer M (2022) Who joins a forum\u2014and who does not?\u2014evaluating drivers of forum participation in polycentric governance systems. Public Adm Rev 82(4):692\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/puar.13427","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010323","volume":"9","author":"A Apte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apte A, Ingole V, Lele P, Marsh A, Bhattacharjee T, Hirve S, Campbell H, Nair H, Chan S, Juvekar S (2019) Ethical considerations in the use of gps-based movement tracking in health research\u2014lessons from a care-seeking study in rural West India. J Glob Health 9(1):010323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.09.010323","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2120_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aradau, Claudia, and Tobias Blanke (2022) Algorithmic Reason: The New Government of Self and Other. 1st ed. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192859624.003.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-019-00931-w","volume":"35","author":"T Araujo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Araujo T, Helberger N, Kruikemeier S, de Vreese CH (2020) In AI we trust? perceptions about automated decision-making by artificial intelligence. AI & Soc 35(3):611\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-019-00931-w","journal-title":"AI & Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2018.1559388","volume":"85","author":"SR Arnstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnstein SR (2019) A ladder of citizen participation. J Am Plann Assoc 85(1):24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01944363.2018.1559388","journal-title":"J Am Plann Assoc"},{"key":"2120_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2307\/975011","volume":"32","author":"DM Austin","year":"1972","unstructured":"Austin DM (1972) Resident participation: political mobilization or organizational co-optation? Public Adm Rev 32:409\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/975011","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"},{"key":"2120_CR12","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69128-8_14","volume-title":"Reflections on Artificial Intelligence for Humanity","author":"Amir Banifatemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banifatemi Amir, Nicolas Miailhe R, \u00c7etin Buse, Cadain Alexandre, Lannquist Yolanda, Hodes Cyrus (2021) Democratizing AI for Humanity: A Common Goal. In: Braunschweig B, Ghallab M (eds) Reflections on Artificial Intelligence for Humanity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 228\u201336"},{"key":"2120_CR13","unstructured":"Bhuiyan, Johana (2023) \u201cRite Aid Facial Recognition Misidentified Black, Latino and Asian People as \u2018Likely\u2019 Shoplifters.\u201d The Guardian, December 20 (https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2023\/dec\/20\/rite-aid-shoplifting-facial-recognition-ftc-settlement)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2120_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8500.12310","volume":"77","author":"E Blomkamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blomkamp E (2018) The promise of co-design for public policy. Aust J Public Adm 77(4):729\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8500.12310","journal-title":"Aust J Public Adm"},{"issue":"8","key":"2120_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080745","volume":"11","author":"K Boulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boulos K, Maged N, Zhang P (2021) Digital twins: from personalised medicine to precision public health. J Personalized Med 11(8):745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11080745","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.122","volume":"55","author":"V Braithwaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braithwaite V (2020) Beyond the bubble that is robodebt: how governments that lose integrity threaten democracy. Aust J Soc Issues 55(3):242\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajs4.122","journal-title":"Aust J Soc Issues"},{"key":"2120_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodkin, Jon. 2023. \u201cBlack Man Wrongfully Jailed for a Week after Face Recognition Error, Report Says.\u201d Ars Technica. Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2023\/01\/facial-recognition-error-led-to-wrongful-arrest-of-black-man-report-says\/).","DOI":"10.12968\/S0969-4765(23)70624-3"},{"key":"2120_CR18","unstructured":"Burnham, Linda (2005) African Americans in the U.S. Economy. edited by C. A. Conrad, J. Whitehead, P. L. Mason, and J. Stewart. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers."},{"key":"2120_CR19","unstructured":"Chen, Brian X (2023) \u201cHow Meta\u2019s New Face Camera Heralds a New Age of Surveillance.\u201d The New York Times, December 13 (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/12\/13\/technology\/personaltech\/meta-ray-ban-glasses.html)."},{"key":"2120_CR20","unstructured":"Christian, Brian (2020) The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values. W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"2120_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3398370","author":"WT Christine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christine WT (2020) Democratizing AI? experience and accessibility in the age of artificial intelligence. XRDS: Crossroads ACM Mag Stud. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3398370","journal-title":"XRDS: Crossroads ACM Mag Stud"},{"key":"2120_CR22","unstructured":"City of Amsterdam (2020) \u201cCity of Amsterdam Algorithm Register.\u201d Retrieved December 18, 2022 (https:\/\/algoritmeregister.amsterdam.nl\/en\/ai-register\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado, Fernando, Stephen Yang, Michael Madaio, Qian Yang (2023) \u201cThe Participatory Turn in AI Design: Theoretical Foundations and the Current State of Practice.\u201d In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization, EAAMO \u201923. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery pp. 1\u201323","DOI":"10.1145\/3617694.3623261"},{"key":"2120_CR24","unstructured":"Electronic Frontier Foundation (2017) \u201cFace Recognition.\u201d Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved July 10, 2023 (https:\/\/www.eff.org\/pages\/face-recognition)."},{"key":"2120_CR25","unstructured":"Ethical Tech Initiative of DC (2021) \u201cAI Litigation Database.\u201d Ethical Tech Initiative of DC. Retrieved August 28, 2022 (https:\/\/blogs.gwu.edu\/law-eti\/ai-litigation-database\/)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00489-z","volume":"17","author":"CB Fisher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisher CB, Bragard E, Bloom R (2020) Ethical considerations in HIV ehealth intervention research: implications for informational risk in recruitment, data maintenance, and consent procedures. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep 17(3):180\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00489-z","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2120_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x","volume":"66","author":"A Fung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fung A (2006) Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Adm Rev 66(S1):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"},{"key":"2120_CR28","unstructured":"GDPR.EU (2023) \u201cGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Compliance Guidelines.\u201d GDPR.Eu. Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/gdpr.eu\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR29","unstructured":"Heikkil\u00e4, Melissa (2022) \u201cDutch Scandal Serves as a Warning for Europe over Risks of Using Algorithms.\u201d POLITICO. Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/dutch-scandal-serves-as-a-warning-for-europe-over-risks-of-using-algorithms\/)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2120_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/23276665.2020.1816188","volume":"42","author":"P Henman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henman P (2020) Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance. Asia Pacific J Public Adm 42(4):209\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23276665.2020.1816188","journal-title":"Asia Pacific J Public Adm"},{"key":"2120_CR31","unstructured":"Hill, Kashmir (2020) \u201cAnother Arrest, and Jail Time, Due to a Bad Facial Recognition Match.\u201d The New York Times, December 29 (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/29\/technology\/facial-recognition-misidentify-jail.html)."},{"key":"2120_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01357-z","author":"J Himmelreich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Himmelreich J (2022) Against \u2018democratizing AI.\u2019 AI Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01357-z","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"2120_CR33","unstructured":"Hunt Elle (2016) \u201cTay, Microsoft\u2019s AI Chatbot, Gets a Crash Course in Racism from Twitter.\u201d The Guardian, March 24 https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/mar\/24\/tay-microsofts-ai-chatbot-gets-a-crash-course-in-racism-from-twitter)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2017.1355006","volume":"13","author":"L Huybrechts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huybrechts L, Benesch H, Geib J (2017) Institutioning: participatory design, co-design and the public realm. CoDesign 13(3):148\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15710882.2017.1355006","journal-title":"CoDesign"},{"key":"2120_CR35","unstructured":"IAPPorg (2020) \u201cBrazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD, English Translation).\u201d Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/iapp.org\/resources\/article\/brazilian-data-protection-law-lgpd-english-translation\/)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/07293682.2021.1920993","volume":"57","author":"N Kamols","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamols N, Foth M, Guaralda M (2021) Beyond engagement theatre: challenging institutional constraints of participatory planning practice. Australian Planner 57(1):23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07293682.2021.1920993","journal-title":"Australian Planner"},{"issue":"5","key":"2120_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/10875549.2019.1587677","volume":"23","author":"EW Kane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kane EW (2019) Maximum feasible participation and paternalistic culture of poverty approaches: tensions in commodified poverty reduction curricula. J Poverty 23(5):437\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10875549.2019.1587677","journal-title":"J Poverty"},{"key":"2120_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kensing, Finn, and Jeanette Blomberg. 1998. Participatory Design: Issues and Concerns. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 7(3):167\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008689307411.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008689307411"},{"issue":"6","key":"2120_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2020.101976","volume":"44","author":"M Kuziemski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuziemski M, Misuraca G (2020) AI governance in the public sector: three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings. Telecommun Policy 44(6):101976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.telpol.2020.101976","journal-title":"Telecommun Policy"},{"key":"2120_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3502289","author":"CAO Longbing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Longbing CAO (2022) AI in finance: challenges, techniques, and opportunities. ACM Comput Surv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3502289","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01537-5","volume":"38","author":"A Luusua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luusua A, Ylipulli J, Foth M, Aurigi A (2023) Urban AI: understanding the emerging role of artificial intelligence in smart cities. AI Soc 38(3):1039\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01537-5","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"2120_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8670-5_13","volume-title":"Automating Cities: Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact","author":"Foth Marcus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marcus Foth, Anastasiu Irina, Mann Monique, Mitchell Peta (2021) From Automation to Autonomy: Technological Sovereignty for Better Data Care in Smart Cities. In: Wang BT, Wang CM (eds) Automating Cities: Design, Construction, Operation and Future Impact. Springer, Singapore, pp 319\u201343"},{"issue":"14","key":"2120_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.3390\/en14144341","volume":"14","author":"V Marinakis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marinakis V, Koutsellis T, Nikas A, Doukas H (2021) AI and data democratisation for intelligent energy management. Energies 14(14):4341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14144341","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2120_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305118768303","author":"Daniel McQuillan","year":"2018","unstructured":"McQuillan Daniel (2018) People\u2019s Councils for Ethical Machine Learning. Soc Media Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305118768303","journal-title":"Soc Media Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2120_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2019.1575664","volume":"42","author":"A Meijer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meijer A, Wessels M (2019) Predictive policing: review of benefits and drawbacks. Int J Public Adm 42(12):1031\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01900692.2019.1575664","journal-title":"Int J Public Adm"},{"key":"2120_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejias, Ulises A., and Nick Couldry (2019) \u201cDatafication.\u201d Internet Policy Review 8(4).","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.4.1428"},{"key":"2120_CR46","unstructured":"Modhvadia, Roshni (2023) \u201cHow Do People Feel about AI?\u201d Retrieved July 5, 2023 (https:\/\/www.adalovelaceinstitute.org\/report\/public-attitudes-ai\/)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0251-5","volume":"3","author":"DC Mohr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohr DC, Shilton K, Hotopf M (2020) Digital phenotyping, behavioral sensing, or personal sensing: names and transparency in the digital age. Npj Digital Med 3(1):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-020-0251-5","journal-title":"Npj Digital Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/13563475.2011.638181","volume":"17","author":"V Monno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Monno V, Khakee A (2012) Tokenism or political activism? some reflections on participatory planning. Int Plan Stud 17(1):85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13563475.2011.638181","journal-title":"Int Plan Stud"},{"key":"2120_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.11.010","volume":"141","author":"GA Montes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montes GA, Goertzel B (2019) Distributed, decentralized, and democratized artificial intelligence. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 141:354\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.11.010","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Chang"},{"issue":"4","key":"2120_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00445-8","volume":"34","author":"MD Mulvenna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulvenna MD, Bond R, Delaney J, Dawoodbhoy FM, Boger J, Potts C, Turkington R (2021) Ethical issues in democratizing digital phenotypes and machine learning in the next generation of digital health technologies. Philosophy Technol 34(4):1945\u20131960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-021-00445-8","journal-title":"Philosophy Technol"},{"key":"2120_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-8020-5","volume-title":"Community-Based Interventions: Philosophy and Action","author":"John W Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy John W (2014) Community-Based Interventions: Philosophy and Action. Springer Science & Business Media, Springer, New York"},{"key":"2120_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00313-5","author":"JW Murphy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murphy JW, Taylor RR (2023) To democratize or not to democratize AI? that is the question. AI and Ethics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00313-5","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2120_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x","volume":"19","author":"JL Napier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Napier JL, Jost JT (2008) Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychol Sci 19(6):565\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1(71)","key":"2120_CR54","first-page":"47","volume":"25","author":"Nancy A Naples","year":"1998","unstructured":"Naples Nancy A (1998) From maximum feasible participation to disenfranchisement. Soc Justice 25(1(71)):47\u201366","journal-title":"Soc Justice"},{"key":"2120_CR55","unstructured":"NL Times (2023) \u201cEthnically Diverse Students Screened for Fraud Remarkably Often.\u201d Retrieved July 5, 2023 (https:\/\/nltimes.nl\/2023\/06\/21\/ethnically-diverse-students-screened-fraud-remarkably-often)."},{"key":"2120_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-023-09651-z","author":"M Noorman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noorman M, Swierstra T (2023) Democratizing AI from a sociotechnical perspective. Mind Mach. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-023-09651-z","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"key":"2120_CR57","unstructured":"Perry, Will (2022) \u201cPwC Cloud and Digital Transformation BrandVoice: Democratizing Medicine With AI.\u201d Forbes. Retrieved June 4, 2024 (https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/pwc-cloud-and-digital-transformation\/2022\/05\/11\/democratizing-medicine-with-ai\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR58","volume-title":"A People\u2019s War on Poverty: Urban Politics and Grassroots Activists in Houston","author":"WG Phelps","year":"2014","unstructured":"Phelps WG (2014) A People\u2019s War on Poverty: Urban Politics and Grassroots Activists in Houston. University of Georgia Press, Athens"},{"key":"2120_CR59","unstructured":"Pluta, Rick (2022) \u201cState Supreme Court Says Victims of Jobless Benefits System Failure Can Seek Damages.\u201d Michigan Radio. Retrieved August 28, 2022 (https:\/\/www.michiganradio.org\/criminal-justice-legal-system\/2022-07-26\/state-supreme-court-says-victims-of-jobless-benefits-system-failure-can-seek-damages)"},{"key":"2120_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.22197\/rbdpp.v5i3.290","volume":"5","author":"S Quattrocolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quattrocolo S (2019) An introduction to ai and criminal justice in Europe. Revista Brasileira De Direito Processual Penal 5:1519","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Direito Processual Penal"},{"key":"2120_CR61","unstructured":"Racism and Technology Center (2023) \u201cAlgorithm to Help Find Fraudulent Students Turns Out to Be Racist.\u201d Retrieved July 21, 2023 (https:\/\/racismandtechnology.center\/2023\/07\/08\/algorithm-to-help-find-fraudulent-students-turns-out-to-be-racist\/)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0","volume":"28","author":"P Rajpurkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajpurkar P, Chen E, Banerjee O, Topol EJ (2022) AI in health and medicine. Nat Med 28(1):31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2120_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/10245289808523509","volume":"4","author":"P Reason","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reason P (1998) Political, epistemological, ecological and spiritual dimensions of participation. Stud Cult Organ Soc 4(2):147\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10245289808523509","journal-title":"Stud Cult Organ Soc"},{"key":"2120_CR64","unstructured":"Reiley, Laura (2021) \u201cRelief Bill Is Most Significant Legislation for Black Farmers since Civil Rights Act, Experts Say.\u201d Washington Post. (https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2021\/03\/08\/reparations-black-farmers-stimulus\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.902542","volume":"13","author":"G Rubeis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rubeis G, Dubbala K, Metzler I (2022) \u2018Democratizing\u2019 artificial intelligence in medicine and healthcare: mapping the uses of an elusive term. Front Genet 13:902542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2022.902542","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2120_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/000271626938500103","volume":"385","author":"LB Rubin","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rubin LB (1969) maximum feasible participation: the origins, implications, and present status. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci 385(1):14\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000271626938500103","journal-title":"Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci"},{"issue":"7638","key":"2120_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/541458a","volume":"541","author":"A Shapiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shapiro A (2017) Reform predictive policing. Nature 541(7638):458\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/541458a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2120_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00131","volume":"12","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shneiderman B (2020) Human-centered artificial intelligence: three fresh ideas. AIS Trans Human-Comput Interact 12(3):109\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1thci.00131","journal-title":"AIS Trans Human-Comput Interact"},{"key":"2120_CR69","unstructured":"Smith, Aaron (2018) \u201cPublic Attitudes Toward Computer Algorithms.\u201d Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2018\/11\/16\/public-attitudes-toward-computer-algorithms\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR70","unstructured":"Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. N.D. \u201cOur Values.\u201d Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved March 2, (2023) (https:\/\/hai.stanford.edu\/about\/our-values)."},{"key":"2120_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudmann, Andreas, ed. (2019) The Democratization of Artificial Intelligence: Net Politics in the Era of Learning Algorithms. Vol. 1. 1st ed. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783839447192"},{"key":"2120_CR72","unstructured":"Suhaib, Kanwal (2021) \u201cShould AI Be Democratized?\u201d ThinkML. Retrieved May 26, 2023 (https:\/\/thinkml.ai\/should-ai-be-democratized\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01694-1","author":"RR Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor RR, O\u2019Dell B, Murphy JW (2023) Human-centric AI: philosophical and community-centric considerations. AI Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01694-1","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"2120_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2022.101132","volume":"82","author":"M Teli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teli M, McQueenie J, Cibin R, Foth M (2022) Intermediation in design as a practice of institutioning and commoning. Des Stud 82:101132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.destud.2022.101132","journal-title":"Des Stud"},{"key":"2120_CR75","unstructured":"The AI Act (2021) \u201cHome.\u201d The Artificial Intelligence Act. Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/artificialintelligenceact.eu\/)."},{"key":"2120_CR76","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2023) \u201cData Scientists\u202f: Occupational Outlook Handbook:\u202f: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.\u201d Retrieved July 11, 2023 (https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/math\/data-scientists.htm)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2120_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v12i2.4776","volume":"12","author":"J van Dijck","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Dijck J (2014) Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: big data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveill Soc 12(2):197\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24908\/ss.v12i2.4776","journal-title":"Surveill Soc"},{"key":"2120_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/2msqe.00072","author":"Benjamin van Giffen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Giffen Benjamin, Ludwig Helmuth (2023) How siemens democratized artificial intelligence. MIS Q Executive. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/2msqe.00072","journal-title":"MIS Q Executive"},{"key":"2120_CR79","unstructured":"Whitehouse.gov (2023) \u201cBlueprint for an AI Bill of Rights | OSTP.\u201d The White House. Retrieved May 17, 2023 (https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ostp\/ai-bill-of-rights\/)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2120_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","volume":"33","author":"P-H Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong P-H (2019) Democratizing algorithmic fairness. Philos Technol 33(2):225\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","journal-title":"Philos Technol"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02120-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02120-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02120-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:17:36Z","timestamp":1749529056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02120-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02120-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}