{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:53:23Z","timestamp":1775800403947,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-22-CE26-0013-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-CE26-0013-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002702","name":"Aalborg University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The migration of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers from academia to industry has recently sparked concerns about its implications for scientific progress. Can academia retain enough talent to shape AI advancements and counterbalance the growing influence of corporate AI labs? Analyzing OpenAlex data, we find a significant transition of premier talent to industry roles over the past decade, particularly to major tech firms. Young, highly cited scholars from leading institutions are the most likely to make this move. Following the transition, their research tends to show reduced novelty and impact. This industry-dominant shift in AI research highlights worries of an \u201cAI brain drain\u201d, the sidelining of exploratory science for commercial interests, and the potential misalignment with societal goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-02171-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T19:34:02Z","timestamp":1738438442000},"page":"4145-4152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The private sector is hoarding AI researchers: what implications for science?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Jurowetzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-013X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsz022","volume":"13","author":"D Acemoglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acemoglu D, Restrepo P (2020) The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 13(1):25\u201335","journal-title":"Camb J Reg Econ Soc"},{"issue":"6635","key":"2171_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2420","volume":"379","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed N, Wahed M, Thompson NC (2023) The growing influence of industry in AI research. Science 379(6635):884\u2013886","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2171_CR3","unstructured":"Ahmed N, Wahed M (2020) The De-democratization of AI: deep learning and the compute divide in artificial intelligence research. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.15581"},{"key":"2171_CR4","unstructured":"Allyn B (2020) Google employees call black scientist\u2019s ouster \u2018unprecedented research censorship\u2019. NPR"},{"key":"2171_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.05.022","volume":"127","author":"D Archibugi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Archibugi D, Filippetti A (2018) The retreat of public research and its adverse consequences on innovation. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 127:97\u2013111","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Chang"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2011.00140.x","volume":"42","author":"P Azoulay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azoulay P, Graff Zivin JS, Manso G (2011) Incentives and creativity: evidence from the academic life sciences. Rand J Econ 42(3):527\u2013554","journal-title":"Rand J Econ"},{"key":"2171_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender EM, Gebru T, McMillan-Major A, Shmitchell S (2021) On the dangers of stochastic parrots: can language models be too big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency, pages 610\u2013623","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"issue":"4","key":"2171_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2019.100979","volume":"13","author":"L Bornmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bornmann L, Tekles A, Zhang HH, Fred YY (2019) Do we measure novelty when we analyze unusual combinations of cited references? A validation study of bibliometric novelty indicators based on F1000Prime data. J Informet 13(4):100979","journal-title":"J Informet"},{"key":"2171_CR9","unstructured":"Clark J, Hadfield GK (2019) Regulatory markets for AI safety. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.00078"},{"issue":"2","key":"2171_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0024-5","volume":"1","author":"MR Frank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frank MR, Wang D, Cebrian M, Rahwan I (2019) The evolution of citation graphs in artificial intelligence research. Nat Mach Intellig 1(2):79\u201385","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intellig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.13302","volume":"79","author":"M Gofman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gofman M, Jin Z (2024) Artificial intelligence, education, and entrepreneurship. J Finance 79(1):631\u2013667","journal-title":"J Finance"},{"key":"2171_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hain DS, Jurowetzki R (2017) Incremental by design? On the role of incumbents in technology niches. In Foundations of Economic Change, pages 299\u2013332. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62009-1_14"},{"key":"2171_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajian S, Bonchi F, Castillo C (2016) Algorithmic bias: from discrimination discovery to fairness-aware data mining. In Proceedings of the 22Nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pages 2125\u20132126, New York, NY, USA. ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2945386"},{"key":"2171_CR14","unstructured":"Hao K (2020) \u201cI started crying\u201d: inside Timnit Gebru\u2019s last days at Google"},{"key":"2171_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinger J, Mateos-Garcia J, Stathoulopoulos K (2020) A narrowing of AI research? arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.10385","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3698698"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2014.10.007","volume":"44","author":"Y-N Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee Y-N, Walsh JP, Wang J (2015) Creativity in scientific teams: Unpacking novelty and impact. Res Policy 44(3):684\u2013697","journal-title":"Res Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2171_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125617725287","volume":"60","author":"G Manso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manso G (2017) Creating incentives for innovation. Calif Manage Rev 60(1):18\u201332","journal-title":"Calif Manage Rev"},{"key":"2171_CR18","unstructured":"Marcus G (2018) Deep learning: a critical appraisal. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.00631"},{"key":"2171_CR19","unstructured":"Maslej N, Fattorini L, Brynjolfsson E, Etchemendy J, Ligett K, Lyons T, Manyika J, Ngo H, Niebles JC, Parli V, Shoham Y, Wald R, Clark J, Perrault R (2023) The AI Index 2023 Annual Report. AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, April 2023"},{"issue":"11","key":"2171_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0114-4","volume":"1","author":"B Mittelstadt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mittelstadt B (2019) Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nat Mach Intellig 1(11):501\u2013507","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intellig"},{"key":"2171_CR21","unstructured":"Pelletier P, Wirtz K (2022) Novelpy: a python package to measure novelty and disruptiveness of bibliometric and patent data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.10346"},{"key":"2171_CR22","unstructured":"Russell S (2019) Human compatible: Artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Penguin"},{"key":"2171_CR23","unstructured":"Sample I (2017) We can\u2019t compete: why universities are losing their best AI scientists. The Guardian"},{"key":"2171_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solaiman I (2023) The gradient of generative AI release: methods and considerations. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency, pages 111\u2013122","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3593981"},{"key":"2171_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674062757","volume-title":"How economics shapes science","author":"P Stephan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stephan P (2012) How economics shapes science. Harvard University Press"},{"key":"2171_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strubell E, Ganesh A, McCallum A (2019) Energy and policy considerations for deep learning in NLP. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.02243","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1355"},{"issue":"3","key":"2171_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/2460276.2460278","volume":"11","author":"L Sweeney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sweeney L (2013) Discrimination in online ad delivery. Queue 11(3):10\u201329","journal-title":"Queue"},{"key":"2171_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-05707-8","author":"J Zou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zou J, Schiebinger L (2018) AI can be sexist and racist\u2014it\u2019s time to make it fair. Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-018-05707-8","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02171-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02171-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02171-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:18:18Z","timestamp":1749529098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02171-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-024-02171-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}