{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T20:49:30Z","timestamp":1771620570633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study describes the impact of ChatGPT use on the nature of work from the perspective of academics and educators. We elucidate six phenomena: (1) the cognitive workload associated with conducting Turing tests to determine if ChatGPT has been involved in work productions; (2) the ethical void and alienation that result from recondite ChatGPT use; (3) insights into the motives of individuals who fail to disclose their ChatGPT use, while, at the same time, the recipient does not reveal their awareness of that use; (4) the sense of ennui as the meanings of texts dissipate and no longer reveal the sender\u2019s state of understanding; (5) a redefinition of utility, wherein certain texts show redundancy with patterns already embedded in the base model, while physical measurements and personal observations are considered as unique and novel; (6) a power dynamic between sender and recipient, inadvertently leaving non-participants as disadvantaged third parties. This paper makes clear that the introduction of AI tools into society has far-reaching effects, initially most\u00a0prominent in text-related fields, such as academia. Whether these implementations represent beneficial innovations for human prosperity, or a rather different line of social evolution, represents the pith of our present discussion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-025-02241-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T13:44:11Z","timestamp":1742219051000},"page":"4855-4868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["ChatGPT and academic work: new psychological phenomena"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost","family":"de Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4936-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. A.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3437-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yke Bauke","family":"Eisma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2241_CR1","unstructured":"American Chemical Society (2023) Authorship guidance & policies. https:\/\/researcher-resources.acs.org\/publish\/authorship_guidance_policies"},{"key":"2241_CR2","unstructured":"American Physical Society (2023) Appropriate use of AI-based writing tools. https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/authors\/ai-based-writing-tools"},{"key":"2241_CR3","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2023) APA journals policy on generative AI: Additional guidance. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/resources\/publishing-tips\/policy-generative-ai"},{"key":"2241_CR4","unstructured":"Association for Computing Machinery (2023) ACM Policy on authorship. https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/new-acm-policy-on-authorship"},{"key":"2241_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2406.17324","author":"S Astarita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Astarita S, Kruk S, Reerink J, G\u00f3mez P (2024) Delving into the utilisation of ChatGPT in scientific publications in astronomy. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2406.17324","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2241_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47925\/80.1.103","author":"L Bialystok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bialystok L (2024) Lines in the sand: originality and cheating in the age of ChatGPT. Philos Educat. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47925\/80.1.103","journal-title":"Philos Educat"},{"key":"2241_CR7","unstructured":"Cambridge University Press (2023) Authorship and contributorship. https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/authors\/publishing-ethics\/research-publishing-ethics-guidelines-for-journals\/authorship-and-contributorship"},{"key":"2241_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0304807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304807","volume":"19","author":"N Chemaya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chemaya N, Martin D (2024) Perceptions and detection of AI use in manuscript preparation for academic journals. PLOS ONE 19:e0304807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304807","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2241_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/99608f92.5317da47","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen L, Zaharia M, Zou J (2024) How is ChatGPT\u2019s behavior changing over time? Harvard Data Sci Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/99608f92.5317da47","journal-title":"Harvard Data Sci Rev"},{"key":"2241_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2307\/411334","volume":"35","author":"N Chomsky","year":"1959","unstructured":"Chomsky N (1959) Reviewed work: Verbal behavior by B. F. Skinner.\u00a0Language 35:26\u201358","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2241_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ICG-1996-19306","volume-title":"Perception and memory in chess: Studies in the heuristics of the professional eye","author":"AD De Groot","year":"1996","unstructured":"De Groot AD, Gobet F, Jongman RW (1996) Perception and memory in chess: Studies in the heuristics of the professional eye. Van Gorcum Co."},{"key":"2241_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00372-z","volume":"34","author":"JCF De Winter","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Winter JCF (2023) Can ChatGPT pass high school exams on english language comprehension? Int J Artif Intell Educ 34:915\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00372-z","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Educ"},{"key":"2241_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics10040087","volume":"10","author":"JCF De Winter","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Winter JCF, Dodou D, Stienen AHA (2023) ChatGPT in education: empowering educators through methods for recognition and assessment. Informatics 10:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics10040087","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"key":"2241_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-024-00161-2","volume":"4","author":"JCF De Winter","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Winter JCF, Dodou D, Eisma YB (2024a) Personality and acceptance as predictors of ChatGPT use. Discover Psychol 4:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44202-024-00161-2","journal-title":"Discover Psychol"},{"key":"2241_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13110278","volume":"13","author":"JCF De Winter","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Winter JCF, Dodou D, Eisma YB (2024b) System 2 thinking in OpenAI\u2019s o1-preview model: Near-perfect performance on a mathematics exam. Computers 13:278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers13110278","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"2241_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112729","volume":"228","author":"JCF De Winter","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Winter JCF, Driessen T, Dodou D (2024c) The use of ChatGPT for personality research: Administering questionnaires using generated personas. Personality Individ Differ 228:112729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112729","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"key":"2241_CR16","unstructured":"Elsevier (2023) The use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in writing for Elsevier. https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/about\/policies-and-standards\/the-use-of-generative-ai-and-ai-assisted-technologies-in-writing-for-elsevier"},{"key":"2241_CR20","unstructured":"Frontiers. (2023). Author guidelines. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/guidelines\/author-guidelines"},{"key":"2241_CR21","volume-title":"Blink: The power of thinking without thinking","author":"M Gladwell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gladwell M (2005) Blink: The power of thinking without thinking. Little, Brown, New York"},{"key":"2241_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2411.15218","author":"A Glynn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Glynn A (2024) Suspected undeclared use of artificial intelligence in the academic literature: an analysis of the Academ-AI dataset. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2411.15218","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2241_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/23735082.2023.2254787","volume":"9","author":"T Gorichanaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gorichanaz T (2023) Accused: How students respond to allegations of using ChatGPT on assessments. Learn Res Pract 9:183\u2013196.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23735082.2023.2254787","journal-title":"Learn Res Pract"},{"key":"2241_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/zdvtr","author":"M Grothe-Hammer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grothe-Hammer M, Hammer S, Berkel-Otto L (2025) Practices of studying with AI chatbots: How university students actually use ChatGPT and co. SocArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/zdvtr","journal-title":"SocArXiv"},{"key":"2241_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01861-4","volume":"70","author":"A Guersenzvaig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guersenzvaig A, S\u00e1nchez-Monedero J (2024) AI research assistants, intrinsic values, and the science we want. AI Soc 70:235\u2013237.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01861-4","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"2241_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.12948","author":"D Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo D, Yang D, Zhang H, Song J, Zhang R, Xu R, Zhu Q, Ma S, Wang P, Bi X, Zhang X, Yu X, Wu Y, Wu ZF, Gou Z, Shao Z, Li Z, Gao Z, Liu A, Liang, W (2025) DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2501.12948","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2241_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9781107785311","author":"P Hancock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hancock P (2015) Hoax springs eternal. Cambrid Univers Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9781107785311","journal-title":"Cambrid Univers Press"},{"key":"2241_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1190035","volume":"60","author":"PA Hancock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hancock PA (2017) Imposing limits on autonomous systems. Ergonomics 60:284\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2016.1190035","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"2241_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2022.2157066","volume":"25","author":"PA Hancock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hancock PA (2024) Science in peril: The crumbling pillar of peer review. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 25:187\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1463922X.2022.2157066","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"2241_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220903106387","volume":"10","author":"PA Hancock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hancock PA, Hancock GM, Warm JS (2009) Individuation: the N = 1 revolution. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 10:481\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14639220903106387","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"2241_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232198","volume":"15","author":"PA Hancock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hancock PA, Volante WG (2020) Quantifying the qualities of language. PLOS ONE 15:e0232198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232198","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2241_CR33","unstructured":"Hu K(2023) ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01"},{"key":"2241_CR34","unstructured":"IEEE (2023) Submission and peer review policies. https:\/\/journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org\/become-an-ieee-journal-author\/publishing-ethics\/guidelines-and-policies\/submission-and-peer-review-policies"},{"key":"2241_CR35","unstructured":"Institute of Physics (2024) Generative AI tools. https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/generative-ai-tools"},{"key":"2241_CR36","unstructured":"Karger (2023) Publication ethics and editorial policies. https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/publication-ethics"},{"key":"2241_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/leap.1578","volume":"37","author":"G Kendall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kendall G, Teixeira da Silva JA (2024) Risks of abuse of large language models, like ChatGPT, in scientific publishing: authorship, predatory publishing, and paper mills. Learned Publishing 37:55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/leap.1578","journal-title":"Learned Publishing"},{"key":"2241_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2406.07016","author":"D Kobak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kobak D, Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e1rquez R, Horv\u00e1t E-\u00c1, Lause J (2024) Delving into ChatGPT usage in academic writing through excess vocabulary. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2406.07016","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2241_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-024-05193-y","volume":"129","author":"K Kousha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kousha K (2024) How is ChatGPT acknowledged in academic publications? Scientometrics 129:7959\u20137969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-024-05193-y","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"2241_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09550-7","volume":"30","author":"V Kulikov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kulikov V (2020) Preferential engagement and what can we learn from online chess? Mind Mach 30:617\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09550-7","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"key":"2241_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01944-w","author":"NF Lindemann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lindemann NF (2024) Chatbots, search engines, and the sealing of knowledges. AI & Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-024-01944-w","journal-title":"AI & Soc"},{"key":"2241_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.14.24307373","author":"K Matsui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matsui K (2024) Delving into PubMed records: Some terms in medical writing have drastically changed after the arrival of ChatGPT. MedRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.14.24307373","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"2241_CR01","unstructured":"MDPI (2023) Research and publication ethics. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230807195838\/https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/ethics"},{"key":"2241_CR44","unstructured":"MDPI (2024) Research and publication ethics. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/ethics#_bookmark3"},{"key":"2241_CR45","unstructured":"MIT (2023) Current authors. https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/for-authors"},{"key":"2241_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2022.2076954","volume":"24","author":"J Navarro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Navarro J, Hancock PA (2023) Did tools create humans? Theor Issues Ergon Sci 24:206\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1463922X.2022.2076954","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"2241_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psfr.2015.11.002","volume":"62","author":"J Navarro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Navarro J, Osiurak F (2017) The more intelligent people are, the more they use tools. Psychol Fr 62:85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psfr.2015.11.002","journal-title":"Psychol Fr"},{"key":"2241_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh2586","volume":"381","author":"S Noy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noy S, Zhang W (2023) Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science 381:187\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adh2586","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2241_CR51","unstructured":"PLOS ONE (2023) Artificial intelligence tools and technologies. https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/s\/ethical-publishing-practice#loc-artificial-intelligence-tools-and-technologies"},{"key":"2241_CR52","unstructured":"Oxford University Press (2023) Ethics. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/authoring\/journals\/preparing_your_manuscript\/ethics"},{"key":"2241_CR53","unstructured":"PNAS. (2023a, February 21). The PNAS journals outline their policies for ChatGPT and generative AI. https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/post\/update\/pnas-policy-for-chatgpt-generative-ai"},{"key":"2241_CR54","unstructured":"PNAS (2023b) Authorship and contributions. https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/author-center\/editorial-and-journal-policies#authorship-and-contributions"},{"key":"2241_CR55","unstructured":"Emerald Publishing (2023, February 22) Emerald Publishing\u2019s stance on AI tools and authorship. https:\/\/www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com\/news-and-press-releases\/emerald-publishings-stance-ai-tools-and-authorship"},{"key":"2241_CR56","unstructured":"Royal Society (2023a) Author guidelines. https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/authors\/author-guidelines"},{"key":"2241_CR57","unstructured":"Royal Society (2023b) Use of Artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies. https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/openness\/#ai"},{"key":"2241_CR58","unstructured":"Sage (2023). ChatGPT and Generative AI https:\/\/uk.sagepub.com\/en-gb\/eur\/chatgpt-and-generative-ai-0"},{"key":"2241_CR59","unstructured":"Sample, I (2023, January 26) Science journals ban listing of ChatGPT as co-author on papers. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2023\/jan\/26\/science-journals-ban-listing-of-chatgpt-as-co-author-on-papers"},{"key":"2241_CR60","unstructured":"Science (2023) Science journals: Editorial policies. https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/page\/science-journals-editorial-policies"},{"key":"2241_CR61","volume-title":"Contested Will: Who wrote Shakespeare?","author":"J Shapiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shapiro J (2010) Contested Will: Who wrote Shakespeare? Simon and Schuster, New York"},{"key":"2241_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Springer Nature (2023a) Tools such as ChatGPT threaten transparent science; here are our ground rules for their use. Nature 613:612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-00191-1","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00191-1"},{"key":"2241_CR47","unstructured":"Springer Nature (2023b) Artificial Intelligence (AI). https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature-portfolio\/editorial-policies\/ai"},{"key":"2241_CR62","unstructured":"Stephenson N (1995) The diamond age. Bantam Spectra"},{"key":"2241_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231053","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.231053","volume":"10","author":"W Tabone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tabone W, De Winter JCF (2023) Using ChatGPT for human-computer interaction: A primer. Roy Soc Open Sci 10:231053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.231053","journal-title":"Roy Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2241_CR17","unstructured":"Taylor & Francis (2023a) Taylor & Francis clarifies the responsible use of AI tools in academic content creation. https:\/\/newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com\/taylor-francis-clarifies-the-responsible-use-of-ai-tools-in-academic-content-creation"},{"key":"2241_CR18","unstructured":"Taylor & Francis (2023b) Defining authorship in your research paper. https:\/\/authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com\/editorial-policies\/defining-authorship-research-paper"},{"key":"2241_CR19","unstructured":"Taylor & Francis (2024) AI policy. https:\/\/taylorandfrancis.com\/our-policies\/ai-policy"},{"key":"2241_CR64","unstructured":"Thieme (2023) Journal policies. https:\/\/www.thieme.com\/en-us\/journal-policies"},{"key":"2241_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg7879","volume":"379","author":"HH Thorp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thorp HH (2023) ChatGPT is fun, but not an author. Science 379:313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adg7879","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2241_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3355015","volume":"17","author":"CC Tossell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tossell CC, Tenhundfeld NL, Momen A, Cooley K, De Visser EJ (2024) Student perceptions of ChatGPT use in a college essay assignment: Implications for learning, grading, and trust in artificial intelligence. IEEE Trans Learn Technol 17:1069\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TLT.2024.3355015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Learn Technol"},{"key":"2241_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","volume":"59","author":"AM Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing AM (1950) Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59:433\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2241_CR68","unstructured":"Wiley. (2023) Best practice guidelines on research integrity and publishing ethics. https:\/\/authorservices.wiley.com\/ethics-guidelines\/index.html"},{"key":"2241_CR38","unstructured":"Wolters Kluwer (2024) Authors\u2019 rights and use of AI tools\/technologies guidance. https:\/\/assets.contenthub.wolterskluwer.com\/api\/public\/content\/5e3ae601ecb64e088dad05e4a90fd861"},{"key":"2241_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.19450","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Shen C, Yao B, Wang D, Li T (2024) Secret use of large language model (LLM). ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2409.19450","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2241_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.18486","author":"T Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong T, Liu Z, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liang S, Wu Z, Lyu Y, Shu P, Yu X, Cao C, Jiang H, Chen H, Li Y, Chen J, Hu H, Liu Y, Zhao H, Xu S, Liu, T. (2024) Evaluation of OpenAI o1: Opportunities and challenges of AGI. ArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2409.18486","journal-title":"ArXiv"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02241-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02241-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02241-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T07:47:39Z","timestamp":1757144859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02241-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02241-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-5666","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}]}}