{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:13:17Z","timestamp":1766268797383,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONNEXIONS grants"},{"name":"South East Technological University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI &amp; Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this research is to support and nurture tacit knowledge whilst simultaneously leading to the development of machine-based intelligent systems which incorporate machine readable knowledge for the benefit of society. This paper starts with an introduction to the persistent power struggle between human and technology and shines a light on Professor Michael Cooley\u2019s involvement with the Lucas Plan in the 1970s and his PhD work which focused on the transition from manual draftsmanship to Computer Aided Design in engineering. A research lab is identified as a \u2018complex adaptive system\u2019 and forms the basis of a longitudinal case study on the Human Centered bottom-up approach to digitisation of cultural heritage. Components required to support and nurture the growth of a Participation Action Research lab are identified. The novel \u2018ENRICHER\u2019 method embodies human centeredness and is operationalized, tested, evaluated and findings discussed. Examples of emergence are also discussed. A metric of the ENRICHER method initially identified where the lab did not fully meet all the methods 8 points. Subsequent actions adjusted the holonic lens focus to metadata and the ongoing work on the creation of a cataloging tool for the librarians. The use of XML technologies integrates the work into a larger model of intelligence. It positions the work on the semantic web technology stack and opens up the pathway to ontology generation and development and management of large language models. The ENRICHER method is a way of developing human\u2013machine symbiotics that also incorporate AI e.g. transcription, metadata generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-025-02396-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T11:25:27Z","timestamp":1749036327000},"page":"5981-5998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human centered systems start with social dynamics and arrive at ontology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3879-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Carew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2003.1231159","volume":"20","author":"I Aaen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aaen I (2003) Software process improvement: blueprints versus recipes. Software IEEE 20:86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MS.2003.1231159","journal-title":"Software IEEE"},{"key":"2396_CR2","unstructured":"AI & Society (2025) AI & Society. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/journal\/146 Accessed 5 May 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR3","unstructured":"Basex (2024) Get Basex. https:\/\/basex.org\/download\/. Accessed 24 Feb 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR4","unstructured":"Baudrillard J (1981) Simulacra and simulation. Editions Galilee. https:\/\/0ducks.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/simulacra-and-simulation-by-jean-baudrillard.pdf. Accessed 25 Feb 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR5","unstructured":"Berners-Lee T (2009) Linked data. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/DesignIssues\/LinkedData.html. Accessed 5 May 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR6","unstructured":"Berners-Lee T (2025) Semantic web layer cake diagram. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/Talks\/0906-xmlweb-tbl\/slide9-6.html. Accessed 5 May 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01182-y","volume":"56","author":"D Byrne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byrne D (2022) A worked example of Braun and Clarke\u2019s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Quant 56:1391\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-021-01182-y","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"2396_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20309-2_1","volume-title":"Complex adaptive systems. Understanding complex systems","author":"T Carmichael","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carmichael T, Had\u017eikadi\u0107 M (2019) The Fundamentals of complex adaptive systems. In: Carmichael T, Collins A, Had\u017eikadi\u0107 M (eds) Complex adaptive systems. Understanding complex systems. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-20309-2_1"},{"key":"2396_CR9","volume-title":"Systems thinking, systems practice: includes 30 year retrospective","author":"P Checkland","year":"1999","unstructured":"Checkland P (1999) Systems thinking, systems practice: includes 30 year retrospective, 1st edn. Wiley, Hoboken","edition":"1"},{"key":"2396_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.692","volume":"22","author":"P Checkland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Checkland P (2005) Webs of significance: the work of geoffrey vickers. Syst Res 22:285\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sres.692","journal-title":"Syst Res"},{"key":"2396_CR11","unstructured":"Ciborra C (1999) Hospitality and IT. http:\/\/iris22.it.jyu.fi\/iris22\/pub\/Ciborra_hospitality_2new.pdf. Accessed: 18 Mar 2023"},{"key":"2396_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coleman E (2014) Hospitality and mood: Ciborra\u2019s hospitality metaphor as a theoretical lens for IS innovation. In: Proceedings of the Southern African Institute for Computer Scientist and Information Technologists annual conference 2014 on SAICSIT 2014 Empowered by Technology (SAICSIT\u201914). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 176\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2664591.2664621","DOI":"10.1145\/2664591.2664621"},{"key":"2396_CR13","unstructured":"Cooley MJE (1981) The impact of computer aided design on designers and the design process. Dissertation, North East London Polytechnic"},{"key":"2396_CR14","volume-title":"Architect or bee? The human price of technology","author":"M Cooley","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cooley M (1987) Architect or bee? The human price of technology. Spokesman, Nottingham"},{"key":"2396_CR15","volume-title":"Delinquent genius, the strange affair of man and his technology","author":"M Cooley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooley M (2018) Delinquent genius, the strange affair of man and his technology. Spokesman, Nottingham"},{"key":"2396_CR16","volume-title":"The search for alternatives: liberating human imagination","author":"M Cooley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cooley M (2020) The search for alternatives: liberating human imagination. Spokesman, Nottingham"},{"key":"2396_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069211038400","author":"A Dalton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dalton A, Wolff K, Bekker B (2021) Multidisciplinary research as a complex system. Int J Qual Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/16094069211038400. (Original work published 2021)","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"2396_CR18","unstructured":"Digital Repository of Ireland (2024) New collection in DRI\u2014roses from the heart. https:\/\/dri.ie\/news\/new-collection-roses-from-the-heart\/. Accessed 7 Mar 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"2396_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2097","volume":"53","author":"M Doyle-Kent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doyle-Kent M, Chowdhury FN, Costello O, O\u2019Neill B, Organ J, Kopacek P, Stapleton L (2020) TECIS inclusion and diversity working group vision. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53(2):17415\u201317420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2097","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"2396_CR20","unstructured":"DRI (2025) Digital repository of Ireland. https:\/\/dri.ie\/. Accessed 5 May 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR21","unstructured":"Europeana (2025) Discover Europe\u2019s digital cultural heritage. https:\/\/www.europeana.eu\/en. Accessed 9 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR22","unstructured":"existdb (2024) existdb. https:\/\/exist-db.org\/exist\/apps\/homepage\/index.html. Accessed 25 Feb 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/9781780444239","volume-title":"Action and knowledge: breaking the monopoly with participation action research","author":"O Fals-Borda","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fals-Borda O, Rahman M (1991) Action and knowledge: breaking the monopoly with participation action research. The Apex Press, New York"},{"key":"2396_CR24","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","author":"P Freire","year":"1994","unstructured":"Freire P (1994) Pedagogy of the oppressed, 3rd edn. Continuum Publishing Company, New York","edition":"3"},{"key":"2396_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gazzawe F (2025) Integrating ontology in information science and AI: evolution, applications, and future directions. In: Ontology in computer science \u2014state of the art and its future in AI [working title]. IntechOpen, London. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.1007650.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1007650"},{"issue":"25","key":"2396_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.605","volume":"52","author":"K Gill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gill K (2019) Holons on the horizon: re-understanding automation and control. IFAC-PapersOnLine 52(25):556\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.605","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"2396_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14955","DOI":"10.3390\/su152014955","volume":"15","author":"J Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo J, Ahn B (2023) Tacit knowledge sharing for enhancing the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) crafts: a perspective from artisans and academics under craft-design collaboration. Sustainability 15:14955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su152014955","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2396_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holub M (1977) Brief thoughts on maps. Times Literary Supplement, 4 February. p 118","DOI":"10.2307\/958120"},{"issue":"46","key":"2396_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16385","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403723101","volume":"101","author":"L Hong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hong L, Page SE (2004) Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(46):16385\u201316389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0403723101. (Epub 2004 Nov 8)","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2396_CR30","unstructured":"IFAC (2025) International Federation of Automatic Control. https:\/\/www.ifac-control.org\/. Accessed 5 May 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR31","unstructured":"IFAC-PapersOnLine (2024) In: 22nd IFAC conference on technology, culture and international stability TECIS 2024, Waterford, Ireland, May 29\u201331, 2024. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/ifac-papersonline\/vol\/58\/issue\/3. Accessed 7 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jerab D (2025) An overview of complexity theory and characteristics of complex adaptive systems. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=5094533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5094533","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5094533"},{"key":"2396_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23780231241275393","author":"K Joyce","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joyce K, Cruz TM (2024) A sociology of artificial intelligence: inequalities, power, and data justice. Socius. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23780231241275393","journal-title":"Socius"},{"key":"2396_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023121999581","author":"K Joyce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joyce K, Smith-Doerr L, Algria S, Bell S, Cruz T, Hoffman SG, Ul Noble S, Shestakofsky B (2021) Toward a sociology of artificial intelligence: a call for research on inequalities and structural change. Socius. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2378023121999581","journal-title":"Socius"},{"key":"2396_CR59","volume-title":"The Action Research Planner","author":"S Kemmis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kemmis S, McTaggart R (1982) The Action Research Planner. Deakin University Press, Geelong"},{"key":"2396_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-5687.2010.00109.x","volume":"4","author":"D Lyon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lyon D (2010) Liquid surveillance: the contribution of zygmunt bauman to surveillance studies. Int Polit Sociol 4:325\u2013338","journal-title":"Int Polit Sociol"},{"key":"2396_CR36","unstructured":"Miller E (2001) In: 5th European conference on research and advanced technology for digital libraries, Darmstadt, Germany. Semantic Web Layer cake image: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2001\/09\/06-ecdl\/slide17-0.html. Accessed 9 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2396_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220238","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0238","volume":"19","author":"H Miton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miton H, DeDeo S (2022) The cultural transmission of tacit knowledge. J R Soc Interface 19:20220238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2022.0238","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"2396_CR38","unstructured":"MIX (2025) NISO metadata for images in XML schema: technical metadata for digital still images standard. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/standards\/mix\/. Accessed 23 Feb 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"2396_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2118","volume":"53","author":"B O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill B, Stapleton L (2020) Social responsibility, human centred systems and engineering ethics: a new manifesto for systems engineering design praxis. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53(2):17451\u201317456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2118","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"13","key":"2396_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.10.511","volume":"54","author":"B O\u2019Neill","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill B, Stapleton L, Doyle-Kent M, Kopacek P (2021) Diversity and inclusion working group: raising the profile of diversity and inclusion in IFAC. IFAC-PapersOnLine 54(13):576\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.10.511","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2396_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2023.10.127","volume":"56","author":"B O\u2019Neill","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill B, Stapleton L, Carew P (2023) Can action research methods help address the digital social sustainability gap?: an evaluation and refinement of the ENRICHER methodology using PAR. IFAC-PapersOnLine 56(2):8994\u20138999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2023.10.127","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2396_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.172","volume":"58","author":"B O\u2019Neill","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill B, Stapleton L, Carew P, Cullinan J, Conroy S, Mather J, Krzempek R, Nolan S, Walsh E, Grubjesic A (2024a) The role of digital cultural heritage in software engineering education: using assets from the digital repository of Ireland as a teaching aid. IFAC-PapersOnLine 58(3):328\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.172","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2396_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.169","volume":"58","author":"B O\u2019Neill","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill B, Stapleton L, Carew P (2024b) Insights from operationalizing, testing and evaluating the ENRICHER method: INSYTE-Cooley Research Lab Case Study. IFAC-PapersOnLine 58(3):310\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.169","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"2396_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-024-01341-y","volume":"12","author":"J Otero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otero J (2024) Beyond skills: reflections on the tacit knowledge-brain-cognition nexus on heritage conservators. Herit Sci 12:223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40494-024-01341-y","journal-title":"Herit Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR45","volume-title":"The tacit dimension","author":"M Polanyi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polanyi M (2009) The tacit dimension, Revised. University of Chicago Press, Chicago","edition":"Revised"},{"issue":"5","key":"2396_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1086\/714938","volume":"88","author":"S Reijula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reijula S, Kuorikoski J (2021) The diversity-ability trade-off in scientific problem solving. Philos Sci 88(5):894\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/714938","journal-title":"Philos Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR47","volume-title":"The craftsman","author":"R Sennett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sennett R (2009) The craftsman. Penguin Books, London"},{"key":"2396_CR48","volume-title":"The handbook for teaching leadership: knowing, doing, and being","author":"S Snook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snook S, Nohria N, Khurana R (2012) The handbook for teaching leadership: knowing, doing, and being. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks"},{"issue":"3","key":"2396_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01999-9","volume":"40","author":"J S\u00f6ffner","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u00f6ffner J (2025) Virtualism: how AI replaces reality. AI Soc 40(3):1389\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-024-01999-9","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2396_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2115","volume":"53","author":"L Stapleton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stapleton L, O\u2019Neill B, McInerney P (2020) The ENRICHER method for human machine symbiotics smart data: a socially responsible approach to the intelligent augmentation of knowledge work. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53(2):17445\u201317450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2115","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2396_CR51","first-page":"62","volume":"41","author":"F Stowell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stowell F (2020) Soft systems thinking in the \u2018information age.\u2019 Systemist 41(1):62\u201375","journal-title":"Systemist"},{"issue":"5","key":"2396_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15391552","DOI":"10.1108\/K-11-2019-0753","volume":"50","author":"F Stowell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stowell F (2021) Can Husserl\u2019s phenomenology provide the intellectual framework of soft systems? (Part one). Kybernetes 50(5):15391552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/K-11-2019-0753","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"2396_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-018-0067-2","volume":"3","author":"L Turnbull","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turnbull L, H\u00fctt MT, Ioannides AA et al (2018) Connectivity and complex systems: learning from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Appl Netw Sci 3:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-018-0067-2","journal-title":"Appl Netw Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2396_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fhj.2024.100015","volume":"11","author":"S Underwood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Underwood S (2024) Redefining leadership within the NHS\u2019 complex adaptive system. Future Healthc J 11(1):100015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fhj.2024.100015","journal-title":"Future Healthc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2396_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206390016003","volume":"16","author":"K Weick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weick K (1990) The vulnerable system: an analysis of the tenerife air disaster. J Manag 16(3):571\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206390016003","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"key":"2396_CR56","volume-title":"Sensemaking in organizations","author":"K Weick","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weick K (1995) Sensemaking in organizations. Sage, Thousand Oaks"},{"key":"2396_CR57","unstructured":"Yilmaz L (2008) Association for the advancement of artificial intelligence. In: Papers from the 2008 AAAI spring symposium, innovation systems are self-organizing complex adaptive systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"2396_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.47989\/ir30iConf47215","volume":"30","author":"V Zavalin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zavalin V, Zavalina OL (2025) Are we there yet? Evaluation of AI-generated metadata for online information resources. Inf Res Int Electron J 30(1):732\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47989\/ir30iConf47215","journal-title":"Inf Res Int Electron J"}],"container-title":["AI &amp; SOCIETY"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02396-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02396-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02396-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T06:16:26Z","timestamp":1763360186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02396-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02396-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0951-5666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5655"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No ethics approval was required for this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent forms were obtained where students were involved.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All authors whose name appears on the submission revised it critically for important intellectual content.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authorship clarified"}}]}}