{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:48:46Z","timestamp":1773085726621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Form. Asp. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The X-machine testing method has been developed as an application of the W-method to testing the control structure of an implementation, against a specification. The method was proven to demonstrate the equivalence of the behaviour of the two, subject to a number of conditions both a specification and an implementation are expected to satisfy, such as (1) determinism of the two and (2) that functions labelling arcs on a transition diagram of a specification control structure have been tested in advance. Since the original publication of the testing method, a number of extensions have been published, removing the restrictions mentioned above. This paper surveys the extensions of the X-machine testing method, for (1) testing of functions together with testing of a transition diagram, (2) equivalence testing of a non-deterministic implementation against a non-deterministic specification, (3) conformance testing of a deterministic implementation against a non-deterministic specification and (4) equivalence testing of a system of concurrently executing and communicating X-machines, against a specification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,25]],"date-time":"2006-01-25T09:50:57Z","timestamp":1138182657000},"page":"3-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Testing methods for X-machines: a review"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello St., S1 4DP, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Holcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello St., S1 4DP, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ipate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Pitesti, Str Targu din Vale 1, 0300, Pitesti, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St., S1 3JD, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Vanak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello St., S1 4DP, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","container-title":["Formal Aspects of Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1653436642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00165-005-0085-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-299X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}}}