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Asp. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Modelling is an essential activity in software engineering. It\ntypically involves two meta-levels: one includes meta-models that\ndescribe modelling languages, and the other contains models built by\ninstantiating those meta-models.\n            <jats:italic>Multi-level modelling<\/jats:italic>\n            generalizes this approach by allowing models to span an arbitrary\nnumber of meta-levels. A scenario that profits from multi-level\nmodelling is the definition of language families that can be\nspecialized (e.g., for different domains) by successive refinements\nat subsequent meta-levels, hence promoting language reuse. This\nenables an\n            <jats:italic>open<\/jats:italic>\n            set of variability options given by all\npossible specializations of the language family. However,\nmulti-level modelling lacks the ability to express\n            <jats:italic>closed<\/jats:italic>\n            variability regarding the availability of language primitives or the\npossibility to opt between alternative primitive realizations. This\nlimits the reuse opportunities of a language family. To improve this\nsituation, we propose a novel combination of product lines with\nmulti-level modelling to cover both open and closed variability. Our\nproposal is backed by a formal theory that guarantees correctness,\nenables top-down and bottom-up language variability design, and is\nimplemented atop the\n            <jats:sc>MetaDepth<\/jats:sc>\n            multi-level modelling tool.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00165-021-00554-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T10:22:19Z","timestamp":1628590939000},"page":"1173-1208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Language Family Engineering with Product Lines of Multi-level Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9425-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"de Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling and Software Engineering Research Group, Computer Science Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling and Software Engineering Research Group, Computer Science Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acher M Collet P Lahire P France RB (2013) FAMILIAR: a domain-specific language for large scale management of feature models. 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