{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:47:46Z","timestamp":1769820466314,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014597","name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comput Stat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-025-01712-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:44:12Z","timestamp":1768286652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subagging for bandwidth selection: a computationally efficient approach to kernel density estimation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9201-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Francisco-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4930-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Barreiro-Ures","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8304-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1712_CR1","unstructured":"Barreiro-Ures D (2021) Nonparametric density and regression estimation for samples of very large size. Phd thesis, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2183\/29370"},{"key":"1712_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barreiro-Ures D, Cao R, Francisco-Fern\u00e1ndez M (2023) Computational efficiency of bagging bootstrap bandwidth selection for density estimation with big data. In: Balakrishnan N, Gil M\u00c1, Mart\u00edn N, Morales D, Pardo MC (eds) Trends in Mathematical, Information and Data Sciences: A Tribute to Leandro Pardo. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol. 445, pp 307\u2013317. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-04137-2_25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04137-2_25"},{"issue":"4","key":"1712_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa092","volume":"108","author":"D Barreiro-Ures","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barreiro-Ures D, Cao R, Francisco-Fern\u00e1ndez M, Hart JD (2021) Bagging cross-validated bandwidths with application to big data. Biometrika 108(4):981\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/asaa092","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"1712_CR4","unstructured":"Barreiro-Ures D, Fernandez-Casal R, Hart J, Cao R, Francisco-Fernandez M (2024) Baggingbwsel: bagging bandwidth selection in kernel density and regression estimation. R package version 1.1. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=baggingbwsel"},{"key":"1712_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655","volume":"24","author":"L Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breiman L (1996) Bagging predictors. Mach Learn 24:123\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00058655","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"1712_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1031689014","volume":"30","author":"P B\u00fchlmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"B\u00fchlmann P, Yu B (2002) Analyzing bagging. Ann Stat 30(4):927\u2013961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aos\/1031689014","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1712_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/jmva.1993.1030","volume":"45","author":"R Cao","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cao R (1993) Bootstrapping the mean integrated squared error. J Multivar Anal 45(1):137\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmva.1993.1030","journal-title":"J Multivar Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1712_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2006.06.002","volume":"137","author":"JH Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedman JH, Hall P (2007) On bagging and nonlinear estimation. J Stat Plann Inference 137(3):669\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jspi.2006.06.002","journal-title":"J Stat Plann Inference"},{"key":"1712_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363516","volume":"74","author":"P Hall","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hall P, Marron JS (1987) Extent to which least-squares cross-validation minimises integrated square error in nonparametric density estimation. Probab Theory Relat Fields 74:567\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00363516","journal-title":"Probab Theory Relat Fields"},{"issue":"1","key":"1712_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01205233","volume":"92","author":"P Hall","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hall P, Marron JS, Park BU (1992) Smoothed cross-validation. Probab Theory Relat Fields 92(1):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01205233","journal-title":"Probab Theory Relat Fields"},{"issue":"1","key":"1712_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn068","volume":"96","author":"P Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall P, Robinson AP (2009) Reducing variability of crossvalidation for smoothing parameter choice. Biometrika 96(1):175\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/asn068","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"1712_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/07474938708800136","volume":"6","author":"JS Marron","year":"1987","unstructured":"Marron JS (1987) Partitioned cross-validation. Econ Rev 6:271\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07474938708800136","journal-title":"Econ Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1712_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.614","volume":"11","author":"DW Opitz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Opitz DW, Maclin R (1999) Popular ensemble methods: an empirical study. J Artif Intell Res 11(1):169\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1613\/jair.614","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1712_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177704472","volume":"33","author":"E Parzen","year":"1962","unstructured":"Parzen E (1962) On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Ann Math Stat 33(3):1065\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aoms\/1177704472","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"1712_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177728190","volume":"27","author":"M Rosenblatt","year":"1956","unstructured":"Rosenblatt M (1956) Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function. Ann Math Stat 27(3):832\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aoms\/1177728190","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"issue":"400","key":"1712_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478550","volume":"82","author":"DW Scott","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scott DW, Terrell GR (1987) Biased and unbiased cross-validation in density estimation. J Am Stat Assoc 82(400):1131\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478550","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1712_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01857.x","volume":"53","author":"S Sheather","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sheather S, Jones MC (1991) A reliable data-based bandwidth selection method for kernel density estimation. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol) 53(3):683\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01857.x","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol)"},{"key":"1712_CR18","volume-title":"Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Monographs on statistics and applied probability","author":"BW Silverman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Silverman BW (1986) Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Monographs on statistics and applied probability. Chapman and Hall, London"},{"issue":"2","key":"1712_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x","volume":"36","author":"M Stone","year":"1974","unstructured":"Stone M (1974) Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol) 36(2):111\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1712_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10463-023-00890-6","volume":"76","author":"MNM Van Lieshout","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Lieshout MNM (2024) Non-parametric adaptive bandwidth selection for kernel estimators of spatial intensity functions. Ann Inst Stat Math 76(2):313\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10463-023-00890-6","journal-title":"Ann Inst Stat Math"},{"key":"1712_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wand M (1995) KernSmooth: functions for kernel smoothing supporting Wand & Jones (2025). R package version 2.23-26. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=KernSmooth","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4493-1"},{"key":"1712_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4493-1","volume-title":"Kernel smoothing. Monographs on statistics and applied probability","author":"MP Wand","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wand MP, Jones MC (1995) Kernel smoothing. Monographs on statistics and applied probability. Chapman and Hall\/CRC, London"},{"key":"1712_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2015.03.005","volume":"89","author":"Q Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Q, Lindsay BG (2015) Improving cross-validated bandwidth selection using subsampling-extrapolation techniques. Comput Stat Data Anal 89:51\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csda.2015.03.005","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"}],"container-title":["Computational Statistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00180-025-01712-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00180-025-01712-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00180-025-01712-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T12:14:22Z","timestamp":1769775262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00180-025-01712-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00180-025-01712-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0943-4062","1613-9658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0943-4062","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-9658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"29"}}