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Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1813930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1813930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000143","name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2114116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2114116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Theory Comput Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    It is shown that there exists\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{f}\\varvec{:} \\varvec{\\{}\\varvec{0}\\varvec{,}\\varvec{1}\\varvec{\\}}^{\\varvec{n\/2}} \\varvec{\\times } \\varvec{\\{0,1\\}}^{\\varvec{n\/2}} \\varvec{\\rightarrow } \\varvec{\\{0,1\\}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>:<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>{<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msup>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mo>}<\/mml:mo>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                                <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msup>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mo>{<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                                <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                                <mml:mo>}<\/mml:mo>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                                <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2192<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>{<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>}<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    in E\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$^\\textbf{NP}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mmultiscripts>\n                            <mml:mrow\/>\n                            <mml:mrow\/>\n                            <mml:mi>NP<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    such that for every\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{2}^{\\varvec{n\/2}} \\varvec{\\times } \\varvec{2}^{\\varvec{n\/2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msup>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                                <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msup>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                                <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msup>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    matrix\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{M}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>M<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    of rank\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{\\le } \\varvec{\\rho }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>\u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    we have\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\mathbb {P}_{\\varvec{x,y}}\\varvec{[}\\varvec{f}\\varvec{(x,y)}\\varvec{\\ne } \\varvec{M}_{\\varvec{x,y}}\\varvec{]} \\varvec{\\ge } \\varvec{1\/2-2}^{\\varvec{-\\Omega }\\varvec{(k)}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                                <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mi>y<\/mml:mi>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>[<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mi>y<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2260<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>M<\/mml:mi>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                                <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mi>y<\/mml:mi>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>]<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2265<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msup>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                                <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                                <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                                <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                                  <mml:mi>\u03a9<\/mml:mi>\n                                <\/mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                                  <mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi>\n                                  <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                                <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msup>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , whenever\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{\\log } \\varvec{\\rho } \\varvec{\\le } \\varvec{\\delta } \\varvec{n\/k}\\varvec{(}\\varvec{\\log } \\varvec{n} \\varvec{+} \\varvec{k}\\varvec{)}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>log<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>\u03c1<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>\u03b4<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>log<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    for a sufficiently small\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{\\delta } \\varvec{&gt;} \\varvec{0}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>\u03b4<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{n}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    is large enough. This generalizes recent results which bound below the probability by\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\varvec{1\/2-\\Omega }\\varvec{(1)}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mi>\u03a9<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    or apply to constant-depth circuits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00224-026-10268-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:34:05Z","timestamp":1777635245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Average-Case Rigidity Lower Bounds"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0249-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuangui","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10268_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/2559903","volume":"61","author":"R Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams, R.: Nonuniform ACC circuit lower bounds. 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