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The firm employs a preorder strategy, in which customers place their orders before their actual need based on a predefined time window called <jats:italic>commitment lead time<\/jats:italic> and, in turn, they receive a bonus. The firm aims to determine the optimal control policy, which consists of the optimal commitment lead time and the optimal base-stock level, such that the total operational cost is minimized subject to a time-based service level target. We formulate two time-based service criteria to measure the firm\u2019s responsiveness in terms of <jats:italic>average customer waiting time<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>individual customer waiting time<\/jats:italic> in two constraint optimization models called ACO and CCO, respectively. We derive the exact probability distribution of customer waiting time, and we propose exact and heuristic optimization algorithms to solve the ACO and CCO models. We show that the commitment lead time not only increases the firm\u2019s responsiveness level but also decreases the customers\u2019 maximum waiting time. We find that when the firm targets a high level of responsiveness, the value of commitment lead time is more highlighted. We study multiple interesting extensions with two customer classes, random replenishment lead times and a combined model with two time-based service level targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-020-00590-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T17:02:58Z","timestamp":1588698178000},"page":"355-395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Time-based service constraints for inventory systems with commitment lead time"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Taher","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00fcmb\u00fcl","family":"Atan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ton","family":"de Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Adan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"590_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.21835","volume":"66","author":"T Ahmadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadi T, Atan Z, de Kok T, Adan I (2019a) Optimal control policies for an inventory system with commitment lead time. 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