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The model consists of a hierarchical, trilevel optimization problem where perfectly competitive budget-constrained airports decide (in the first level) on optimal runway capacity extensions and airport charges by anticipating long-term fleet investment and medium-term aircraft scheduling decisions taken by a set of imperfectly competitive airlines (in the second level). Both airports and airlines anticipate the short-term outcome of a perfectly competitive ticket market (in the third level). We compare our trilevel model to an integrated single-level (benchmark) model in which investments, scheduling, and market-clearing decisions are simultaneously taken by a welfare-maximizing social planner. Using a simple six airports example from the literature, we illustrate the inefficiency of long-run investments in both runway capacity and aircraft fleet which may be observed in aviation markets with imperfectly competitive airlines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-021-00621-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T08:03:05Z","timestamp":1620201785000},"page":"367-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Airport capacity extension, fleet investment, and optimal aircraft scheduling in a multilevel market model: quantifying the costs of imperfect markets"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Coniglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Sirvent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Weibelzahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"621_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.19.4.20","volume":"19","author":"Jeph Abara","year":"1989","unstructured":"Abara Jeph (1989) Applying integer linear programming to the fleet assignment problem. 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