{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T01:01:21Z","timestamp":1768352481384,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Gener. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00354-013-0304-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T05:32:09Z","timestamp":1375421529000},"page":"211-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Hybrid Model for Simulating Crowd Evacuation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Muzhou","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, X., Han, C. S. and Law, K. H., \u201cA multi-agent based simulation framework for the study of human and social behavior in egress analysis,\u201d in Proc. of the International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering, Cancun, Mexico, July 12-15, 2005.","DOI":"10.1061\/40794(179)92"},{"key":"304_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/35035023","volume":"407","author":"D. Helbing","year":"2000","unstructured":"Helbing D., Farkas I., Vicsek T.: \u201cSimulating dynamical features of escape panic\u201d. Letters to Nature. 407, 487\u2013490 (2000)","journal-title":"Letters to Nature."},{"key":"304_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., O\u2019Brien, K., Silverman, B. and Badler, N., \u201cCrowd simulation incorporating agent psychological models, roles and communication,\u201d in Proc. of the First International Workshop on Crowd Simulation, EPFL, Lausanne-Switzerland, November 2005.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA522128"},{"key":"304_CR4","unstructured":"Nguyen, Q. H., McKenzie, F. D. and Petty, M. D., \u201cCrowd behavior cognitive model architecture design,\u201d in Proc. of the 2005 Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (BRIMS) Conference, Universal City, CA, pp. 55\u201364, 2005."},{"key":"304_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, M., Lees, M., Cai, W., Zhou, S. and Y.-H. Low, M., \u201cAnalysis of an efficient rule-based motion planning system for simulating human crowds\u201d. The visual computer 26, 5, PP. 367\u2013383, 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-010-0421-6"},{"key":"304_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chenney, S., \u201cFlow tiles,\u201d in Proc. of the 2004 ACM SIG-GRAPH\/Eurographics symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, California, USA, pp. 233\u2013242, July 26-27, 2004.","DOI":"10.1145\/1028523.1028553"},{"issue":"6","key":"304_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00015-7","volume":"36","author":"R.L. Hughes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hughes R.L.: \u201cA continum theory for the flow of pedestrians\u201d. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 36(6), 507\u2013535 (2002)","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"304_CR8","unstructured":"Treuille, A., Cooper, S., Popovi\u0107, Z., \u201cContinuum crowds,\u201d in Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 1160\u20131168, 2006."},{"key":"304_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, B., Abukmail, A. and Kraemer, L., \u201cAdvancing the layered approach to agent-based crowd simulation,\u201d in Proc. of 22nd International Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation (PADS 2008), Roma, Italy, pp. 185\u2013192, June 3-6, 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/PADS.2008.13"},{"issue":"2","key":"304_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.33","volume":"17","author":"S. Patil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patil S., van den Berg J., Curtis S., Lin M.C., Manocha D.: \u201cDirecting crowd simulations using navigation fields\u201d. Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on, 17(2), 244\u2013254 (2011)","journal-title":"Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on,"},{"key":"304_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, M., Cai, W., Zhou, S., Y.-H. Low, M., Tian, F., Chen, D., Ong, D. W. S. and Hamilton, B. D., \u201cA case study of multi-resolution modeling for crowd simulation,\u201d in Proc. of the 2009 Spring Simulation Multiconference (SpringSim 2009), San Diego, California, USA, March 22-27, 2009.","DOI":"10.1109\/CW.2009.32"},{"issue":"1","key":"304_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2010.04.008","volume":"1","author":"M. Xiong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xiong M., Lees M., Cai W., Zhou S., Y.-H. Low M.: \u201cHybrid modelling of crowd simulation\u201d. Procedia Computer Science 1(1), 57\u201365 (2009)","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"304_CR13","unstructured":"Fridman, N. and Kaminka, G. A., \u201cTowards a cognitive model of crowd behavior based on social comparison theory,\u201d in Proc. of the Twenty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp. 731\u2013737, July 2007."},{"issue":"4","key":"304_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37406","volume":"21","author":"C. Reynolds","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reynolds C.: \u201cFlocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model\u201d. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 21(4), 25\u201334 (1987)","journal-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics"},{"key":"304_CR15","unstructured":"Reynolds, C. ed., \u201cSteering behaviors for autonomous characters,\u201d in Proc. of Game Developers Conference, pp. 763\u2013782, 1999."},{"key":"304_CR16","unstructured":"van den Berg, J., Lin, M. and Manocha, D., \u201cReciprocal velocity obstacles for realtime multi-agent navigation,\u201d in Proc. of IEEE Conference Robotics and Automation, pp. 1928\u20131935, 2008."},{"key":"304_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, J., Patil, S., Sewall, J., Manocha, D. and Lin, M., \u201cInteractive navigation of multiple agents in crowded environments,\u201d in Proc. of Symponium Interactive 3D Graphics and Games, pp. 139\u2013147, 2008.","DOI":"10.1145\/1342250.1342272"},{"issue":"1","key":"304_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008867321648","volume":"4","author":"D. Brogan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brogan D., Hodgins J.: \u201cGroup behaviors for systems with significant dynamics\u201d. Autonomous Robots 4(1), 137\u2013153 (1997)","journal-title":"Autonomous Robots"},{"key":"304_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musse, S. R. and Thalmann, D., \u201cA model of human crowd behavior: Group inter-relationship and collision detection analysis,\u201d in Proc. Workshop of Computer Animation and Simulation of Eurographics \u201997, pp. 39\u201351, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6874-5_3"},{"key":"304_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.105","volume":"16","author":"T. Sakuma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sakuma T., Mukai T., Kuriyama S.: \u201cPsychological model for animating crowded pedestrians: Virtual humans and social agents\u201d. Computer Animatation Virtual Worlds 16, 343\u2013351 (2005)","journal-title":"Computer Animatation Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"304_CR21","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J. M. and Badler, N. I., \u201cControlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation,\u201d in Proc. of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, pp. 99\u2013108, 2007."},{"issue":"3","key":"304_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2004.00783.x","volume":"23","author":"M. Sung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sung M., Gleicher M., Chenney S.: \u201cScalable behaviors for crowd simulation\u201d. Computer Graphics Forum 23(3), 519\u2013528 (2004)","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"304_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, W., Terzopoulos, D., \u201cAutonomous pedestrians,\u201d Graph. Models, 69, pp. 246\u2013274, September 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmod.2007.09.001"},{"key":"304_CR24","unstructured":"Yu, Q. and Terzopoulos, D., \u201cA decision network framework for the behavioral animation of virtual humans,\u201d in Proc. of Eurographics\/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation 2007, San Diego, USA, pp. 119\u2013128, August 2007."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"304_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(01)00141-8","volume":"295","author":"C. Burstedde","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burstedde C., Klauck K., Schadschneider A., Zittartz J.: \u201cSimulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton\u201d. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 295(3-4), 507\u2013525 (2001)","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"304_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(02)00857-9","volume":"312","author":"A. Kirchner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirchner A., Schadschneider A.: \u201cSimulation of evacuation processes using a bionics-inspired cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics\u201d. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 312(1-2), 260\u2013276 (2002)","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"304_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L. Z., Fang, W. F. and Fan, W. C., \u201cModeling occupant evacuation using cellular automata - Effect of human behavior and building characteristics on evacuation,\u201d Journal Of Fire Sciences, 21, 3, pp. 227\u2013240, May 2003.","DOI":"10.1177\/0734904103021003004"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"304_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(02)00857-9","volume":"312","author":"A. Kirchner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirchner A., Schadschneider A.: \u201cSimulation of evacuation processes using a bionics-inspired cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics\u201d. Physica A-Statistical Mechanics And Its Applications 312(1-2), 260\u2013276 (2002)","journal-title":"Physica A-Statistical Mechanics And Its Applications"},{"key":"304_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, R.-Y. and Huang, H.-J., \u201cA modified floor field cellular automata model for pedestrian evacuation simulation,\u201d Journal of Physics A-Mathematical and Theoretical, 41, 38, Sep. 26, 2008.","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/41\/38\/385104"},{"issue":"2","key":"304_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2007.02.040","volume":"379","author":"K. Yamamoto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamamoto K., Kokubo S., Nishinari K.: \u201cSimulation for pedestrian dynamics by real-coded cellular automata (RCA)\u201d. Physica A-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 379(2), 654\u2013660 (2007)","journal-title":"Physica A-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications,"},{"key":"304_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schadschneider, A., Kirchner, A. and Nishinari, K., \u201cCA approach to collective phenomena in pedestrian dynamics,\u201d in Proc. of Cellular Automata, 5th International Conference on Celluar Automata for Research and Industry, Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 09-11, 2002, Lecture Notes in Computer Science(Bandini, S., Chopard, B. and Tomassini, M, ed.), 2493, pp. 239\u2013248, 2002.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45830-1_23"},{"key":"304_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2006.06.023","volume":"373","author":"C.M. Henein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henein C.M., White T.: \u201cMacroscopic effects of microscopic forces between agents in crowd models\u201d. Physica A-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 373, 694\u2013712 (2007)","journal-title":"Physica A-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"key":"304_CR33","unstructured":"Smith, R. A., \u201cVolume flow rate of densely packed crowds,\u201d in Proc. of the International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety(Smith, R. A. and Dickie, J. F. eds.), Elsevier Publishing Company, London, Uk, pp. 313\u2013319, March 1993."},{"key":"304_CR34","unstructured":"Kisko, T. M., Francis, R. L. and Nobel, C. R., Evacnet4 users guide. http:\/\/www.ise.ufl.edu\/kisko\/files\/evacnet\/EVAC4UG.HTM , accessed in 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"304_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2008.06.003","volume":"43","author":"L. Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang L., Wong S.C., Zhang M., Shu C.-W., Lam W.H.K.: \u201cRevisiting Hughes\u2019 dynamic continuum model for pedestrian flow and the development of an efficient solution algorithm\u201d. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 43(1), 127\u2013141 (2009)","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,"},{"issue":"1","key":"304_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10915-005-9014-3","volume":"29","author":"H.K. ZhangY.T. Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"ZhangY.T. Zhao H.K., Qian J.: \u201cHigh order fast sweeping methods for static hamilton-jacobi equations\u201d. Journal of Scientific Computing 29(1), 25\u201326 (2006)","journal-title":"Journal of Scientific Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"304_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R5","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.50.R5","volume":"50","author":"G.H. Ristow","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ristow G.H., Herrmann H.J.: \u201cDensity patterns in two-dimensional hoppers\u201d. Physical Review E, 50(1), R5\u2013R8 (1994)","journal-title":"Physical Review E,"},{"key":"304_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, D. E. and Grassberger, P. eds., Friction, Arching, Contact Dynamics, World scientific, 1997.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814529747"},{"key":"304_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, M., Li, H., Wang, H., Zeng, W., Dou, M. and Chen, D., \u201cA hybrid model for simulating human crowd,\u201d in Proc. of the International Conference on Human-centric Computing 2011 and Embedded and Multimedia Computing 2011, Enshi, China, pp. 111\u2013123, August 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2105-0_13"}],"container-title":["New Generation Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00354-013-0304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00354-013-0304-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00354-013-0304-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T20:51:54Z","timestamp":1646254314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00354-013-0304-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00354-013-0304-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0288-3635","1882-7055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0288-3635","type":"print"},{"value":"1882-7055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}