{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T21:14:47Z","timestamp":1764018887936,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Gener. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00354-019-00070-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T06:03:26Z","timestamp":1567749806000},"page":"453-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Semi-automated Ontology Construction for Legal Question Answering"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6445-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biralatei","family":"Fawei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeff Z.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kollingbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adam Z.","family":"Wyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"70_CR1","unstructured":"National conference of bar examiners: the MBE multistate bar examination sample MBE III, \nhttp:\/\/www.kaptest.com\/bar-exam\/courses\/mbe\/multistate-barexam-mbe-change\n\n. Accessed 5 Sep 2015"},{"key":"70_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.13053\/rcs-70-1-10","volume":"70","author":"A Segura-Olivares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segura-Olivares, A., Garcia, A., Calvo, H.: Feature analysis for paraphrase recognition and textual entailment. Res. Comput. Sci. 70, 119\u2013144 (2013)","journal-title":"Res. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"70_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnini, B., Zanoli, R., Dagan, I., Eichler, K., Neumann, G., Noh, T., Pado, S., Stern, A., Levy, O.: The Excitement open platform for textual inferences. ACL (system demonstrations), pp. 43\u201348 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-5008"},{"key":"70_CR4","unstructured":"Fawei, B.J., Wyner, A.Z., Pan, J.Z.: Passing a USA National bar exam: a FirstCorpus for experimentation. LREC 2016, Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 3373\u20133378 (2016)"},{"key":"70_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04284-4_14","volume-title":"Semantic Technology","author":"Biralatei Fawei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fawei, B., Wyner, A., Pan, J.Z., Kollingbaum, M.: A methodology for a criminal law and procedure ontology for legal question answering. In: Proceedings of the Joint International Semantic Technology Conference, Springer, New York, pp. 198\u2013214 (2018)"},{"key":"70_CR6","volume-title":"Strategies and tactics for the MBE (multistate bar exam)","author":"SL Emmanuel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Emmanuel, S.L.: Strategies and tactics for the MBE (multistate bar exam), vol. 2. Wolters Kluwer, Maryland (2011)"},{"key":"70_CR7","volume-title":"Criminal law: text, cases, and materials","author":"J Herring","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herring, J.: Criminal law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2014)"},{"key":"70_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203779729","volume-title":"Unlocking criminal law","author":"J Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin, J., Storey, T.: Unlocking criminal law, 4th edn. Routledge, New York (2013)","edition":"4"},{"issue":"9","key":"70_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1145\/2701413","volume":"58","author":"E Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis, E., Marcus, G.: Commonsense reasoning and commonsense knowledge inartificial intelligence. Commun. ACM 58(9), 92\u2013103 (2015)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"70_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BTTJ.0000047600.45421.6d","volume":"22","author":"H Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, H., Singh, P.: ConceptNet\u2014a practical commonsense reasoning tool-kit. BT Technol J 22(4), 211\u2013226 (2004)","journal-title":"BT Technol J"},{"key":"70_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Ghosh, M., Naja, H., Abdulrab, H., Khalil, M.: A ontology learning process as a bottom-up strategy for building domain-specific ontology from legal texts. ICAART (2), Springer, New York, pp. 473\u2013480 (2017)","DOI":"10.5220\/0006188004730480"},{"issue":"3","key":"70_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/asi1030022","volume":"1","author":"R Hwang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hwang, R., Hsueh, Y., Chang, Y.: Building a Taiwan law ontology based on automatic legal definition extraction. Appl. Syst. Innovat. 1(3), 22 (2018)","journal-title":"Appl. Syst. Innovat."},{"key":"70_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, L., Wang, X.: Context-based semantic approach to ontology creation of maritime information in Chinese. In: 2010 IEEE international conference on granular computing, pp. 133\u2013138 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/GrC.2010.30"},{"key":"70_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, J.R., Miller, A., Khan. L.: Law enforcement ontology for identification of related information of interest across free text documents. In: Intelligence and security informatics conference (EISIC), pp. 19\u201327 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/EISIC.2011.36"},{"key":"70_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osathitporn, P., Soonthornphisaj, N., Vatanawood, W.: A scheme of criminal lawknowledge acquisition using ontology. Software engineering, artificial intelligence, networking and parallel\/distributed computing (SNPD), 2017 18th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on IEEE, pp. 29\u201334 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2017.8022696"},{"key":"70_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36815-8_5","volume-title":"Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence IX","author":"Jaroslaw Bak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bak, J., Cybulka, J., Jedrzejek, C.: Ontological modeling of a class of linked economic crimes. In: Transactions on computational collective intelligence IX, Springer, New York, pp. 98\u2013123 (2013)"},{"issue":"3","key":"70_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-140146","volume":"7","author":"M Ceci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ceci, M., Gangemi, A.: An OWL ontology library representing judicial interpretations. Semantic Web 7(3), 229\u2013253 (2016)","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"70_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangemi, A., Sagri, M. T., Tiscornia, D.: A constructive framework for legal ontologies. Law and the semantic web. Springer, pp. 97\u2013124 (2005)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32253-5_7"},{"key":"70_CR19","unstructured":"Gangemi, A.: Introducing pattern-based design for legal ontologies. Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web, pp. 53\u201371. (2009)"},{"key":"70_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00b4arez-Figueroa, M.C., Go\u00b4mez-P\u00b4erez, A., Fern\u00b4andez-L\u00b4opez, M.: The neon methodology for ontology engineering. Ontology engineering in a networked world. Springer, pp. 9\u201334 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24794-1_2"},{"issue":"3","key":"70_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1145\/2818359","volume":"59","author":"A De Nicola","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Nicola, A., Missikoff, M.: A lightweight methodology for rapid ontology engineering. Commun. ACM 59(3), 79\u201386 (2016)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"70_CR22","first-page":"65","volume":"2007","author":"A Gangemi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gangemi, A.: Design patterns for legal ontology constructions. LOAIT 2007, 65\u201385 (2007)","journal-title":"LOAIT"},{"key":"70_CR23","unstructured":"Golbreich, C., Horrocks, I.: The obo to owl mapping, go to owl 1.1. In: Proceedings of the OWLED 2007 workshop on OWL: experiences and directions, Citeseer (2007)"},{"key":"70_CR24","first-page":"43","volume":"321","author":"R Hoekstra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoekstra, R., Breuker, J., Di Bello, M., Boer, A.: The LKIF core ontology of basic legal concepts. LOAIT 321, 43\u201363 (2007)","journal-title":"LOAIT"},{"key":"70_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athan, T., Boley, H., Governatori, G., Palmirani, M., Paschke, A., Wyner, A.: Oasislegalruleml. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth international conference on artificial intelligence and law, ACM, pp. 3\u201312 (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2514601.2514603"},{"key":"70_CR26","unstructured":"Gandon, F., Governatori, G., Villata, S.: Normative requirements as linked data. The 30th international conference on legal knowledge and information systems, JURIX (2017)"},{"key":"70_CR27","unstructured":"Moens, M. F., Spyns, P.: Norm modifications in defeasible logic. legal knowledge and information systems: JURIX 2005: the Eighteenth Annual Conference, 134(13) IOS Press (2005)"},{"key":"70_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139032711","volume-title":"Deontic logic and legal systems","author":"PE Navarro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Navarro, P.E., Rodr\u00b4\u0131guez, J.L.: Deontic logic and legal systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2014)"},{"key":"70_CR29","volume-title":"Business law: text and cases: legal, ethical, global, and corporate environment","author":"KW Clarkson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clarkson, K.W., Miller, R.L., Cross, F.B.: Business law: text and cases: legal, ethical, global, and corporate environment. Cengage Learning, Canada (2010)"},{"key":"70_CR30","unstructured":"N. Y. State Board of Law Examiners. Course materials for the New York law course and New York law examination, \nhttps:\/\/www.newyorklawcourse.org\/CourseMaterials\/NewYorkCourseMaterials.pdf\n\n. Accessed 15 Jul 2018"},{"key":"70_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Parvizi, A., Mellish, C., Pan, J.Z., Van Deemter, K., Stevens, R.: Towards competency question-driven ontology authoring. European Semantic Web Conference. Springer, pp. 752\u2013767 (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07443-6_50"},{"key":"70_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, C., Freitas, F., Santana, F.: Evaluating ontologies with competency questions. In: WI-IAT. pp. 284\u2013285 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2013.199"},{"key":"70_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Ren, A. Parvizi, C. Mellish, J.Z. Pan, K. van Deemter, Robert S.: Towards competency question-driven ontology authoring. In: ESWC (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07443-6_50"},{"key":"70_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis, M., van Deemter, K., Dell\u2019Aglio, D., Pan, J.Z.: Computing authoring tests from competency questions: experimental validation. In: ISWC (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68288-4_15"},{"key":"70_CR35","unstructured":"Pan, J.Z., Vetere, G., Gomez-Perez, J.M., Wu, H.: Exploiting linked data and knowledge graphs for large organisations. Springer, ISBN:978-3-319-45652-2 (2016)"},{"key":"70_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J.Z., Calvanese, D., Eiter, T.H., Horrocks, I., Kifer, M., Lin, F., Zhao, Y.: Reasoning web: logical foundation of knowledge graph construction and querying answering (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49493-7"},{"key":"70_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning, C., Surdeanu, M., Bauer, J., Finkel, J., Bethard, S., McClosky, D.: The Stanford Core NLP natural language processing toolkit. In: Proceedings of 52nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics: system demonstrations, pp. 55\u201360 (2014)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-5010"},{"key":"70_CR38","unstructured":"Bowman, S.R., Potts, C., Manning, C.D.: Learning distributed word representations for natural logic reasoning. In: Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium (AAAI), pp. 10\u201313 (2015)"},{"key":"70_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeli, G., Premkumar, M.J., Manning, C.D.: Leveraging linguistic structure for open domain information extraction. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2015) (2015)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1034"},{"key":"70_CR40","unstructured":"N. Y. State Board of Law Examiners. Course materials for the New York law course and New York law examination, \nhttps:\/\/www.newyorklawcourse.org\/CourseMaterials\/NewYorkCourseMaterials.pdf\n\n. Accessed 15 Jul 2018"},{"key":"70_CR41","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Biralatei Fawei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fawei, B., Wyner, A., Pan, J.Z., Kollingbaum, M.: Using legal ontologies with rules for legal textual entailment. In: Proceedings of ALCOL2017, Springer, New York, pp. 317\u2013324 (2017)"},{"key":"70_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poveda-Villalo\u00b4n, M., and Go\u00b4mez-P\u00b4erez, A., Sua\u00b4rez-Figueroa, M. C.: Oops! (ontology pitfall scanner!): an online tool for ontology evaluation. In: IJSWIS 10(2):7\u201334 (2014)","DOI":"10.4018\/ijswis.2014040102"},{"key":"70_CR43","unstructured":"Poveda-Villalo\u00b4n, M., Sua\u00b4rez-Figueroa, M. C.: OOPS!\u2014ontology pitfalls scanner!. Ontology Engineering Group. Universidad Polit\u00b4ecnica de Madrid (2012)"},{"key":"70_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan J.Z., Pavlova S., Li C., Li N., Li Y., Liu J.: Content based fake news detection using knowledge graphs. In: ISWC (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00671-6_39"},{"issue":"2","key":"70_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.920602","volume":"16","author":"A Maedche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maedche, A., Staab, S.: Ontology learning for the semantic web. IEEE Intell. Syst. 16(2), 72\u201379 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"70_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2014.11.004","volume":"75","author":"M Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Gao, Z., Pan, J.Z., Zhao, Y., Xu, Y., Quan, Z.: TBox learning from incomplete data by inference in BelNet+. Knowl. Based Syst. 75, 30\u201340 (2015)","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"70_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2279","volume":"30","author":"G Stoilos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stoilos, G., Stamou, G., Pan, J.Z., Tzouvaras, V., Horrocks, I.: Reasoning with very expressive fuzzy description logics. JAIR 30, 273\u2013320 (2007)","journal-title":"JAIR"},{"issue":"2006","key":"70_CR48","first-page":"28","volume":"4090","author":"JZ Pan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pan, J.Z., Stoilos, G., Stamou, G., Tzouvaras, V., Horrocks, I.: f-SWRL: a fuzzy extension of SWRL. J. Data Semantic. 4090(2006), 28\u201346 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Data Semantic."}],"container-title":["New Generation Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00354-019-00070-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00354-019-00070-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00354-019-00070-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T23:07:55Z","timestamp":1599260875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00354-019-00070-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00354-019-00070-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0288-3635","1882-7055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0288-3635"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1882-7055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}