{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:03:12Z","timestamp":1783436592160,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Classif"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-017-9233-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T06:58:44Z","timestamp":1497077924000},"page":"223-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Effect of Model Misspecification on Growth Mixture Model Class Enumeration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"McNeish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Harring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359","volume":"52","author":"H AKAIKE","year":"1987","unstructured":"AKAIKE, H. (1987), \u201cFactor Analysis and AIC\u201d\u2019 Psychometrika, 52, 317\u2013332.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"9233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701710338","volume":"42","author":"DJ BAUER","year":"2007","unstructured":"BAUER, D.J. (2007), \u201cObservations on the Use of Growth Mixture Models in Psychological Research\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 757\u2013786.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.338","volume":"8","author":"DJ BAUER","year":"2003","unstructured":"BAUER, D.J., and CURRAN, P.J. (2003a), \u201cDistributional Assumptions of Growth Mixture Models: Implications for Overextraction of Latent Trajectory Classes\u201d, Psychological Methods, 8, 338\u2013363.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.384","volume":"8","author":"DJ BAUER","year":"2003","unstructured":"BAUER, D.J., and CURRAN, P.J. (2003b), \u201cOverextraction of Latent Trajectory Classes: Much Ado About Nothing? Reply to Rindskopf (2003), Muth\u00e9n (2003), and Cudeck and Henly (2003)\u201d, Psychological Methods, 8, 384\u2013393.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.1.3","volume":"9","author":"DJ BAUER","year":"2004","unstructured":"BAUER, D.J., and CURRAN, P. J. (2004), \u201cThe Integration of Continuous and Discrete Latent Variable Models: Potential Problems and Promising Opportunities\u201d, Psychological Methods, 9, 3\u201329.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1109\/34.865189","volume":"22","author":"C BIERNACKI","year":"2000","unstructured":"BIERNACKI, C., CELEUX, G., and GOVAERT, G. (2000), \u201cAssessing a Mixture Model for Clustering with the Integrated Completed Likelihood\u201d, Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions, 22, 719\u2013725.","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions"},{"key":"9233_CR7","first-page":"451","volume":"29","author":"C BIERNACKI","year":"1997","unstructured":"BIERNACKI, C., and GOVAERT, G. (1997), \u201cUsing the Classification Likelihood to Choose the Number of Clusters\u201d, Computing Science and Statistics, 29, 451\u2013457.","journal-title":"Computing Science and Statistics"},{"key":"9233_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000145","volume":"34","author":"CL BURTON","year":"2015","unstructured":"BURTON, C.L., GALATZER-LEVY, I.R., and BONANNO, G.A. (2015), \u201cTreatment Type and Demographic Characteristics as Predictors for Cancer Adjustment: Prospective Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in a Population Sample\u201d, Health Psychology, 34, 602\u2013609.","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"9233_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2010.510046","volume":"17","author":"Q CHEN","year":"2010","unstructured":"CHEN, Q., KWOK, O.M., LUO, W., and WILLSON, V.L. (2010), \u201cThe Impact of Ignoring a Level of Nesting Structure in Multilevel Growth Mixture Models: A Monte Carlo Study\u201d, Structural Equation Modeling, 17, 570\u2013589.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"9233_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.4.976","volume":"70","author":"CR COLDER","year":"2002","unstructured":"COLDER, C.R., CAMPBELL, R.T., RUEL, E., RICHARDSON, J.L., and FLAY, B.R. (2002), \u201cA Finite Mixture Model of Growth Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol Use: Predictors and Consequences\u201d, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 976.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9233_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1802_2","volume":"18","author":"R CUDECK","year":"1983","unstructured":"CUDECK, R., and BROWNE, M.W. (1983), \u201cCross-Validation of Covariance Structures\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 147\u2013167.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.378","volume":"8","author":"R CUDECK","year":"2003","unstructured":"CUDECK, R., and HENLY, S.J. (2003), \u201cA Realistic Perspective on Pattern Representation in Growth Data: Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003)\u201d, Psychological Methods, 8, 378\u2013383.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3804_5","volume":"38","author":"PJ CURRAN","year":"2003","unstructured":"CURRAN, P.J. (2003), \u201cHave Multilevel Models Been Structural Equation Models All Along?\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 529\u2013569.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9233_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15248371003699969","volume":"11","author":"PJ CURRAN","year":"2010","unstructured":"CURRAN, P.J., OBEIDAT, K., and LOSARDO, D. (2010), \u201cTwelve Frequently Asked Questions About Growth Curve Modeling\u201d, Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(2), 121\u2013136.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"9233_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018601","volume":"55","author":"TA DEROON-CASSINI","year":"2010","unstructured":"DEROON-CASSINI, T.A., MANCINI, A.D., RUSCH, M.D., and BONANNO, G.A. (2010), \u201cPsychopathology and Resilience Following Traumatic Injury: A Latent Growth Mixture Model Analysis\u201d, Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Psychology"},{"key":"9233_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701758281","volume":"15","author":"CK ENDERS","year":"2008","unstructured":"ENDERS, C.K., and TOFIGHI, D. (2008), \u201cThe Impact of Misspecifying Class-Specific Residual Variances in Growth Mixture Models\u201d, Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 75\u201395.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"9233_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029600500202","volume":"5","author":"BS EVERITT","year":"1996","unstructured":"EVERITT, B.S. (1996), \u201cAn Introduction to Finite Mixture Distributions\u201d, Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 5, 107\u2013127.","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"key":"9233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.4.711","volume":"82","author":"PJ GREEN","year":"1995","unstructured":"GREEN, P.J. (1995), \u201cReversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo Computation and Bayesian Model Determination\u201d, Biometrika, 82, 711\u2013732.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"9233_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510709336744","volume":"14","author":"JM HENSON","year":"2007","unstructured":"HENSON, J.M., REISE, S.P., and KIM, K.H. (2007), \u201cDetecting Mixtures from Structural Model Differences Using Latent Variable Mixture Modeling: A Comparison of Relative Model Fit Statistics\u201d, Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 202\u2013226.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"9233_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.1.36","volume":"11","author":"JR HIPP","year":"2006","unstructured":"HIPP, J.R., and BAUER, D.J. (2006), \u201cLocal Solutions in the Estimation of Growth Mixture Models\u201d, Psychological Methods, 11, 36\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297","volume":"76","author":"CM HURVICH","year":"1989","unstructured":"HURVICH, C.M., and TSAI, C.L. (1989). \u201cRegression and Time Series Model Selection in Small Samples\u201d, Biometrika, 76, 297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"9233_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015336929122","volume":"25","author":"F LI","year":"2002","unstructured":"LI, F., BARRERA JR, M., HOPS, H., and FISHER, K.J. (2002), \u201cThe Longitudinal Influence of Peers on the Development of Alcohol Use In Late Adolescence: A Growth Mixture Analysis\u201d, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 293\u2013315.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"9233_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1398918600","volume":"13","author":"M LI","year":"2014","unstructured":"LI, M., HARRING, J.R., and MACREADY, G.B. (2014), \u201cInvestigating the Feasibility of Using Mplus in the Estimation of Growth Mixture Models\u201d, Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 13, 484\u2013513.","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.556549","volume":"46","author":"L LI","year":"2011","unstructured":"LI, L., and HSER, Y.I. (2011), \u201cOn Inclusion of Covariates for Class Enumeration of Growth Mixture Models\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 266\u2013302.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413519798","volume":"74","author":"M LIU","year":"2014","unstructured":"LIU, M., and HANCOCK, G.R. (2014), \u201cUnrestricted Mixture Models for Class Identification in Growth Mixture Modeling\u201d, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 74, 557\u2013584.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"9233_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","volume":"88","author":"Y LO","year":"2001","unstructured":"LO, Y., MENDELL, N.R., and RUBIN, D.B. (2001), \u201cTesting the Number of Components in a Normal Mixture\u201d, Biometrika, 88, 767\u2013778.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"9233_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/90.4.991","volume":"90","author":"N JEFFRIES","year":"2003","unstructured":"JEFFRIES, N. (2003), \u201cA Note on Testing the Number of Components in a Normal Mixture\u201d, Biometrika, 90, 991\u2013994.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"9233_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124101029003005","volume":"29","author":"BL JONES","year":"2001","unstructured":"JONES, B.L., NAGIN, D.S., and ROEDER, K. (2001), \u201cA SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories\u201d, Sociological Methods and Research, 29, 374\u2013393.","journal-title":"Sociological Methods and Research"},{"key":"9233_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x","volume":"2","author":"T JUNG","year":"2008","unstructured":"JUNG, T., and WICKRAMA, K.A.S. (2008), \u201cAn Introduction to Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling\u201d, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 302\u2013317.","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"9233_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","volume":"1","author":"RC MACCALLUM","year":"1996","unstructured":"MACCALLUM, R.C., BROWNE, M.W., and SUGAWARA, H.M. (1996), \u201cPower Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling\u201d, Psychological Methods, 1, 130\u2013149.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR31","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Learning and Individual Differences: Abilities, Motivation, and Methodology","author":"JJ MCARDLE","year":"1989","unstructured":"MCARDLE, J.J. (1989), \u201cStructural Modeling Experiments Using Multiple Growth Functions\u201d, Learning and Individual Differences: Abilities, Motivation, and Methodology, eds. P. Ackerman, R. Kanfer, and R. Cudeck, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 71\u2013117."},{"key":"9233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721182","volume-title":"Finite Mixture Models","author":"GJ MCLACHLAN","year":"2000","unstructured":"MCLACHLAN, G.J., and PEEL, D. (2000), Finite Mixture Models, New York: Wiley."},{"key":"9233_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/2347790","volume":"36","author":"GJ MCLACHLAN","year":"1987","unstructured":"MCLACHLAN, G.J. (1987), \u201cOn Bootstrapping the Likelihood Ratio Test Statistic for the Number of Components in a Normal Mixture\u201d, Applied Statistics, 36, 318\u2013324.","journal-title":"Applied Statistics"},{"key":"9233_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1086\/288135","volume":"34","author":"PE MEEHL","year":"1967","unstructured":"MEEHL, P.E. (1967), \u201cTheory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox\u201d, Philosophy of Science, 34, 103\u2013115.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9233_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_5","volume":"39","author":"M MOERBEEK","year":"2004","unstructured":"MOERBEEK, M. (2004), \u201cThe Consequence of Ignoring a Level of Nesting in Multilevel Analysis,\u201d Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 129\u2013149.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2015.02.019","volume":"93","author":"GB MORGAN","year":"2016","unstructured":"MORGAN, G.B., HODGE, K.J., and BAGGETT, A.R. (2016), \u201cLatent Profile Analysis with Nonnormal Mixtures: A Monte Carlo Examination of Model Selection Using Fit Indices\u201d, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 93, 146\u2013161.","journal-title":"Computational Statistics & Data Analysis"},{"key":"9233_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/13803611.2015.1057161","volume":"21","author":"LE MUSU-GILLETTE","year":"2015","unstructured":"MUSU-GILLETTE, L.E., WIGFIELD, A., HARRING, J.R., and ECCLES, J.S. (2015), \u201cTrajectories of Change in Students\u2019 Self-Concepts of Ability and Values in Math and College Major Choice\u201d, Educational Research and Evaluation, 21, 343\u2013370.","journal-title":"Educational Research and Evaluation"},{"key":"9233_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.369","volume":"8","author":"BO MUTH\u00c9N","year":"2003","unstructured":"MUTH\u00c9N, B.O. (2003), \u201cStatistical and Substantive Checking in Growth Mixture Modeling: Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003),\u201d Psychological Methods, 8, 369\u2013377.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/10409-010","volume-title":"New Methods for the Analysis of Change","author":"BO MUTH\u00c9N","year":"2001","unstructured":"MUTH\u00c9N, B.O. (2001), \u201cSecond-Generation Structural Equation Modeling with a Combination of Categorical and Continuous Latent Variables: New Opportunities for Latent Class\/Latent Growth Modeling\u201d, in New Methods for the Analysis of Change, eds. L.M. Collins and A. Sayer, Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 291\u2013322."},{"key":"9233_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.2.4.371","volume":"2","author":"BO MUTH\u00c9N","year":"1997","unstructured":"MUTH\u00c9N, B.O., and CURRAN, P.J. (1997), \u201cGeneral Longitudinal Modeling of Individual Differences in Experimental Designs: A Latent Variable Framework for Analysis and Power Estimation\u201d, Psychological Methods, 2, 371\u2013402.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00463.x","volume":"55","author":"BO MUTH\u00c9N","year":"1999","unstructured":"MUTH\u00c9N, B.O., and SHEDDEN, K. (1999), \u201cFinite Mixture Modeling with Mixture Outcomes Using the EM Algorithm\u201d, Biometrics, 55, 463\u2013469.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"9233_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4104_3","volume":"41","author":"JL MEYERS","year":"2006","unstructured":"MEYERS, J.L., and BERETVAS, S.N. (2006), \u201cThe Impact of Inappropriate Modeling of Cross-Classified Data Structures\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41, 473\u2013497.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.105.1.156","volume":"105","author":"T MICCERI","year":"1989","unstructured":"MICCERI, T. (1989), \u201cThe Unicorn, the Normal Curve, and Other Improbable Creatures\u201d, Psychological Bulletin, 105, 156\u2013166.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"9233_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041318","volume-title":"Group-Based Modeling of Development","author":"DS NAGIN","year":"2005","unstructured":"NAGIN, D.S. (2005), Group-Based Modeling of Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9233_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.2.139","volume":"4","author":"DS NAGIN","year":"1999","unstructured":"NAGIN, D.S. (1999), \u201cAnalyzing Developmental Trajectories: A Semiparametric, Group-Based Approach,\u201d Psychological Methods, 4, 139\u2013157.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","volume":"14","author":"KL NYLUND","year":"2007","unstructured":"NYLUND, K.L., ASPAROUHOV, T., and MUTH\u00c9N, B.O. (2007), \u201cDeciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study\u201d, Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535\u2013569.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"9233_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/09243450801936845","volume":"19","author":"GJ PALARDY","year":"2008","unstructured":"PALARDY, G.J. (2008), \u201cDifferential School Effects Among Low, Middle, and High Social Class Composition Schools: A Multiple Group, Multilevel Latent Growth Curve Analysis\u201d, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 19, 21\u201349.","journal-title":"School Effectiveness and School Improvement"},{"key":"9233_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77650-7_5","volume-title":"Handbook of quantitative criminology","author":"H PETRAS","year":"2010","unstructured":"PETRAS, H., and MASYN, K. (2010), \u201cGeneral Growth Mixture Analysis with Antecedents and Consequences of Change\u201d, in Handbook of quantitative criminology, eds. A. Piquero and D. Weisburd, New York: Springer, pp. 69\u2013100."},{"key":"9233_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2012.659618","volume":"19","author":"J PEUGH","year":"2012","unstructured":"PEUGH, J., and FAN, X. (2012), \u201cHow Well Does Growth Mixture Modeling Identify Heterogeneous Growth Trajectories? A Simulation Study Examining GMM's Performance Characteristics,\u201d Structural Equation Modeling, 19, 204\u2013226.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"9233_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.919823","volume":"22","author":"J PEUGH","year":"2015","unstructured":"PEUGH, J., and FAN, X. (2015), \u201cEnumeration Index Performance in Generalized Growth Mixture Models: A Monte Carlo Test of Muth\u00e9n\u2019s (2003) Hypothesis\u201d, Structural Equation Modeling, 22, 115\u2013131.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"9233_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025409343765","volume":"33","author":"N RAM","year":"2009","unstructured":"RAM, N., and GRIMM, K.J. (2009). \u201cGrowth Mixture Modeling: A Method for Identifying Differences in Longitudinal Change Among Unobserved Groups,\u201d International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 565\u2013576.","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"9233_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.364","volume":"8","author":"D RINDSKOPF","year":"2003","unstructured":"RINDSKOPF, D. (2003), \u201cMixture or Homogeneous? Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003)\u201d, Psychological Methods, 8, 364\u2013368.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474179","volume":"94","author":"K ROEDER","year":"1999","unstructured":"ROEDER, K., LYNCH, K.G., and NAGIN, D.S. (1999), \u201cModeling Uncertainty in Latent Class Membership: A Case Study in Criminology\u201d, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 766\u2013776.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"9233_CR54","volume-title":"Interaction and Nonlinear Effects in Structural Equation Modeling","year":"1998","unstructured":"SCHUMACKER, R., and MARCOULIDES, G. (Eds.). (1998). Interaction and Nonlinear Effects in Structural Equation Modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"9233_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","volume":"6","author":"G SCHWARZ","year":"1978","unstructured":"SCHWARZ, G. (1978), \u201cEstimating the Dimension of a Model\u201d, The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461\u2013464.","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"9233_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360","volume":"52","author":"SL SCLOVE","year":"1987","unstructured":"SCLOVE, S.L. (1987), \u201cApplication of Model-Selection Criteria to Some Problems in Multivariate Analysis\u201d, Psychometrika, 52, 333\u2013343.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"9233_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SHIREMAN, E., STEINLEY, D., and BRUSCO, M.J. (2015), \u201cExamining the Effect of Initialization Strategies on the Performance of Mixture Modeling\u201d, Behavior Research Methods. DOI: 10.3758\/s13428-015-0697-6 .","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0697-6"},{"key":"9233_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022673","volume":"16","author":"D STEINLEY","year":"2011","unstructured":"STEINLEY, D., and BRUSCO, M.J. (2011), \u201cEvaluating Mixture Modeling for Clustering: Recommendations and Cautions\u201d, Psychological Methods, 16, 63\u201379.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-007-0003-0","volume":"24","author":"D STEINLEY","year":"2007","unstructured":"STEINLEY, D., and BRUSCO, M.J. (2007), \u201cInitializing K-means Batch Clustering: A Critical Evaluation of Several Techniques\u201d, Journal of Classification, 24, 99-121.","journal-title":"Journal of Classification"},{"key":"9233_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2307\/2533455","volume":"50","author":"DO STRAM","year":"1994","unstructured":"STRAM, D.O., and LEE, J.W. (1994), \u201cVariance Components Testing in the Longitudinal Mixed Effects Model\u201d, Biometrics, 50, 1171\u20131177.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"9233_CR61","volume-title":"Statistical Analysis of Finite Mixture Models","author":"DM TITTERINGTON","year":"1985","unstructured":"TITTERINGTON, D.M., SMITH A.F.M., and MAKOVM, U.E. (1985), Statistical Analysis of Finite Mixture Models, New York: Wiley."},{"key":"9233_CR62","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Mixture Models in Latent Variable Research","author":"D TOFIGHI","year":"2008","unstructured":"TOFIGHI, D., and ENDERS, C.K. (2008), \u201cIdentifying the Correct Number of Classes in a Growth Mixture Model\u201d, in Mixture Models in Latent Variable Research, ed. G.R. Hancock, Greenwich, CT: Information Age, pp. 317\u2013341."},{"key":"9233_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4004_2","volume":"40","author":"G LANDEGHEM VAN","year":"2005","unstructured":"VAN LANDEGHEM, G., DE FRAINE, B., and VAN DAMME, J. (2005), \u201cThe Consequence of Ignoring a Level of Nesting in Multilevel Analysis: A Comment\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 423\u2013434.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-22","volume":"3","author":"AJ VICKERS","year":"2003","unstructured":"VICKERS, A.J. (2003), \u201cHow Many Repeated Measures In Repeated Measures Designs? Statistical Issues for Comparative Trials\u201d, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 3, 22.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"9233_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.658339","volume":"47","author":"MM WALL","year":"2012","unstructured":"WALL, M.M., GUO, J., and AMEMIYA, Y. (2012), \u201cMixture Factor Analysis for Approximating a Nonnormally Distributed Continuous Latent Factor with Continuous and Dichotomous Observed Variables\u201d, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 276\u2013313.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"9233_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106289397","volume":"10","author":"M WANG","year":"2007","unstructured":"WANG, M., and BODNER, T.E. (2007), \u201cGrowth Mixture Modeling Identifying and Predicting Unobserved Subpopulations with Longitudinal Data\u201d, Organizational Research Methods, 10, 635\u2013656.","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"9233_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/1912557","volume":"57","author":"QH VUONG","year":"1989","unstructured":"VUONG, Q.H. (1989), \u201cLikelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses\u201d, Econometrica, 57, 307\u2013333.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"9233_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294554","volume":"62","author":"YF YUNG","year":"1997","unstructured":"YUNG, Y.F. (1997), \u201cFinite Mixtures in Confirmatory Factor-Analysis Models\u201d, Psychometrika, 62, 297\u2013330.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"}],"container-title":["Journal of Classification"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00357-017-9233-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00357-017-9233-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00357-017-9233-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T21:33:16Z","timestamp":1569447196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00357-017-9233-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["9233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00357-017-9233-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-4268","1432-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-4268","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]}}}