{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T19:43:47Z","timestamp":1774295027144,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Engineering with Computers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-018-0583-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T03:26:32Z","timestamp":1516245992000},"page":"57-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Automatic evaluation of plastic collapse conditions for planar frames with vertical irregularities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2929-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Greco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Cannizzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pluchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"583_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7949(98)00250-8","volume":"73","author":"A Mokhtar-zadeh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mokhtar-zadeh A, Kaveh A (1999) Optimal plastic analysis and design of frames; graph-theoretical methods. Comput Struct 73:485\u2013496","journal-title":"Comput Struct"},{"key":"583_CR2","volume-title":"Research studies press","author":"A Kaveh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaveh A (1995) Structural mechanics: graph and matrix methods. In: Research studies press, 2nd edn, John Wiley, Exeter","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"583_CR3","volume-title":"The steel skeleton plastic behavior and design","author":"J Baker","year":"1956","unstructured":"Baker J, Horne MR, Heyman J (1956) The steel skeleton plastic behavior and design, vol\u00a02. Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"5","key":"583_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.511","volume":"55","author":"AV Lyamin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyamin AV, Sloan SW (2002) Lower bound limit analysis using non-linear programming. Int J Numer Methods Eng 55(5):573\u2013611","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Eng"},{"key":"583_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.05.030","volume":"56","author":"AA Pisano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pisano AA, Fuschi P, De Domenico D (2013) Peak loads and failure modes of steel-reinforced concrete beams: predictions by limit analysis. Eng Struct 56:477\u2013488","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"issue":"3","key":"583_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000326","volume":"138","author":"KP Larsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larsen KP, Poulsen PN, Nielsen LO (2012) Limit analysis of 3D reinforced concrete beam elements. J Eng Mech 138(3):286\u2013296","journal-title":"J Eng Mech"},{"issue":"3","key":"583_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2006.05.009","volume":"29","author":"P Roca","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roca P, L\u00f3pez-Almansa F, Miquel J, Hanganu A (2007) Limit analysis of reinforced masonry vaults. Eng Struct 29(3):431\u2013439","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"issue":"1","key":"583_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.1610120105","volume":"12","author":"SW Sloan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sloan SW (1988) Lower bound limit analysis using finite elements and linear programming. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 12(1):61\u201377","journal-title":"Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.198","volume":"26","author":"AV Lyamin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyamin AV, Sloan SW (2002) Upper bound limit analysis using linear finite elements and non-linear programming. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 26(2):181\u2013216","journal-title":"Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech"},{"key":"583_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neal BG, Symonds PS (1952) The rapid calculation of plastic collapse loads for a framed structure. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers London, vol\u00a01:2, pp\u00a058\u201371","DOI":"10.1680\/ipeds.1952.12270"},{"key":"583_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1680\/IJOTI.1950.12815","volume":"35","author":"BG Neal","year":"1951","unstructured":"Neal BG, Symonds PS (1951) The calculations of collapse loads for framed structures. J Inst Civ Eng 35:21\u201340","journal-title":"J Inst Civ Eng"},{"key":"583_CR12","unstructured":"Charnes A, Greenberg HJ (1951) Plastic collapse and linear programming. Bull Am Math Soc 57(6):480 (abstract)"},{"key":"583_CR13","volume-title":"Optimum structural design","author":"RK Livesley","year":"1977","unstructured":"Livesley RK (1977) Linear programming in structural analysis and design. In: Gallagher RH et al (eds) Optimum structural design. Wiley, New York (Chapter 6)"},{"key":"583_CR14","unstructured":"Cohn MZ, Maier G eds (1979) Engineering plasticity by mathematical programming. Pergamon Press Ltd, New York"},{"key":"583_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"109","author":"VB Watwood","year":"1979","unstructured":"Watwood VB (1979) Mechanism generation for limit analysis of frames. J Struct Div ASCE 109:1\u201315","journal-title":"J Struct Div ASCE"},{"key":"583_CR16","first-page":"1350","volume":"ST7","author":"MR Gorman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gorman MR (1981) Automated generation for limit analysis of frames. Proc ASCE ST7:1350\u20131354","journal-title":"Proc ASCE"},{"key":"583_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7949(95)00394-0","volume":"60","author":"AJ Deeks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Deeks AJ (1996) Automatic computation of plastic collapse loads for frames. Comput Struct 60:91\u2013102","journal-title":"Comput Struct"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.551","volume":"56","author":"K Krabbenhoft","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krabbenhoft K, Damkilde L (2003) A general non-linear optimization algorithm for lower bound limit analysis. Int J Numer Methods Eng 56 (2):165\u2013184","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Eng"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"583_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(95)00814-H","volume":"126","author":"Y-G Zhang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zhang Y-G, Lu M-W (1995) An algorithm for plastic limit analysis. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 126 (3\u20134):333\u2013341","journal-title":"Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(91)90255-5","volume":"88","author":"VF Gaudrat","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gaudrat VF (1991) A Newton type algorithm for plastic limit analysis. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 88 (2):207\u2013224","journal-title":"Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng"},{"key":"583_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.01.010","volume":"50","author":"H Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang H, Ohmori H (2013) Elasto-plastic analysis based truss optimization using Genetic Algorithm. Eng Struct 50:1\u201312","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"583_CR22","first-page":"11","volume":"86","author":"A Kaveh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Jahanshahi M (2008) Plastic limit analysis of frames using ant colony systems. Comput Struct 86:(11\u201312), pp.\u00a01152\u20131163","journal-title":"Comput Struct"},{"issue":"8","key":"583_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1177)","volume":"130","author":"C Chintanapakdee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chintanapakdee C, Chopra AK (2004) Seismic response of vertically irregular frames: response history and modal pushover analyses. J Struct Eng 130(8):1177\u20131185","journal-title":"J Struct Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"583_CR24","first-page":"679","volume":"12","author":"T Mahdi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahdi T, Gharaie VS (2011) Plan irregular RC frames: comparison of pushover with nonlinear dynamic analysis. Asian J Civ Eng 12(6):679\u2013690","journal-title":"Asian J Civ Eng"},{"key":"583_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.03.075","volume":"143","author":"A Greco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greco A, Cannizzaro F, Pluchino A (2017) Seismic collapse prediction of frame structures by means of genetic algorithms. Eng Struct 143:152\u2013168. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.03.075\n                    \n                  \n                           (ISSN: 0141\u20130296)","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"583_CR26","volume-title":"Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning","author":"DE Goldberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Boston"},{"key":"583_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1090.001.0001","volume-title":"Adaptation in natural and artificial systems","author":"JH Holland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holland JH (1992) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"583_CR28","volume-title":"Genetic algorithms and engineering optimization","author":"M Gen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gen M, Cheng R (2000) Genetic algorithms and engineering optimization, vol\u00a07. John Wiley, Hoboken"},{"issue":"5","key":"583_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/41.538609","volume":"43","author":"K-F Man","year":"1996","unstructured":"Man K-F, Tang K-S, Sam K (1996) Genetic algorithms: concepts and applications in engineering design. IEEE Trans Indus Electronics 43(5):519\u2013534","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Indus Electronics"},{"key":"583_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Khanlari K (2003) Collapse load factor for rigid-plastic analysis of frames using a genetic algorithm. In: Topping BHV (ed) Proceedings of the seventh international conference on the application of artificial intelligence to civil and structural engineering, Paper 33. Civil-Comp Press, Stirlingshire, UK. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4203\/ccp.78.33","DOI":"10.4203\/ccp.78.33"},{"key":"583_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.716","volume":"20","author":"A Kaveh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Khanlari K (2004) Collapse load factor of planar frames using a modified genetic algorithm. Commun Numer Methods Eng 20:911\u2013925","journal-title":"Commun Numer Methods Eng"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"583_CR32","first-page":"145","volume":"5","author":"A Kaveh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Jahanshahi M (2004) Plastic analysis of planar frames using kinematic method and genetic algorithm. Asian J Civ Eng (Build Hous) 5(3\u20134):145\u2013160","journal-title":"Asian J Civ Eng (Build Hous)"},{"key":"583_CR33","unstructured":"Kohama Y, Takada T, Kozawa N, Miyamura A (1997) Collapse analysis of rigid frame by genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of OPT197. Wessex Institute of Technology, Rome, pp 456\u2013461"},{"key":"583_CR34","volume-title":"Proceedings of the eighth international conference on computational structures technology","author":"A Kaveh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Jahanshahi M (2006) Plastic design of frames using heuristic algorithms. In: Topping BHV, Montero G, Montenegro R (eds) Proceedings of the eighth international conference on computational structures technology, Paper No 108. Civil-Comp Press, Stirlingshire"},{"key":"583_CR35","first-page":"65","volume":"4","author":"M Jahanshahi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jahanshahi M, Pouraghajan M, Pouraghajan M (2013) Enhanced ACS algorithms for plastic analysis of planar frames. Comput Methods Civ Eng 4:65\u201382","journal-title":"Comput Methods Civ Eng"},{"key":"583_CR36","first-page":"9227","volume":"3","author":"A Kaveh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Jahanshahi M, Khanzadi M (2008) Plastic analysis of frames using genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm. Asian J Civ Eng 3:9227\u20139246","journal-title":"Asian J Civ Eng"},{"key":"583_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2228-5","author":"M Jahanshahi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jahanshahi M, Maleki E, Ghiami A (2016) On the efficiency of artificial neural networks for plastic analysis of planar frames in comparison with genetic algorithms and ant colony systems. Neural Comput Appl. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2228-5","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"583_CR38","first-page":"479","volume":"5(4)","author":"A Kaveh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaveh A, Ghafari MH (2015) Plastic analysis of planar frames using CBO and ECBO algorithms. Int J Optim Civ Eng 5(4):479\u2013492","journal-title":"Int J Optim Civ Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"583_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:5(1233)","volume":"118","author":"S Rajeev","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rajeev S, Krishnamoorthy CS (1992) Discrete optimization of structures using genetic algorithms. J Struct Eng 118(5):1233\u20131250","journal-title":"J Struct Eng"},{"key":"583_CR40","first-page":"351","volume":"29","author":"H Hofmeyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hofmeyer H, Davila Delgado JM (2015) Co-evolutionary and genetic algorithm based building spatial and structural design. AI EDAM 29:351\u2013370","journal-title":"AI EDAM"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR41","first-page":"92","volume":"2","author":"MY Rafiq","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rafiq MY (2000) A design support tool for optimum building concept generation using a structured genetic algorithm. Int J Comput Integr Des Constr 2(2):92\u2013102","journal-title":"Int J Comput Integr Des Constr"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2011.07.009","volume":"25","author":"M Turrin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turrin M, Von Buelow P, Stouffs R (2011) Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modelling and genetic algorithms. Adv Eng Inform 25(4):656\u2013675","journal-title":"Adv Eng Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1996.0416","volume":"195","author":"C Mares","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mares C, Surace C (1996) An application of genetic algorithms to identify damage in elastic structures. J Sound Vib 195(2):195\u2013215","journal-title":"J Sound Vib"},{"issue":"14","key":"583_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7949(01)00027-X","volume":"79","author":"J-H Chou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chou J-H, Ghaboussi J (2001) Genetic algorithm in structural damage detection. Comput Struct 79(14):1335\u20131353","journal-title":"Comput Struct"},{"issue":"9","key":"583_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04017071","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001267","volume":"143","author":"A Chiozzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiozzi A, Milani G, Tralli A (2017) Fast kinematic limit analysis of FRP-reinforced masonry vaults. I: general genetic algorithm-NURBS-based formulation. J Eng Mech 143(9):04017071-1\u201304017071-13","journal-title":"J Eng Mech"},{"key":"583_CR46","unstructured":"Wilensky U (1999) NetLogo. Center for connected learning and computer-based modeling. Northwestern University, Evanston. \n                    http:\/\/ccl.northwestern.edu\/netlogo\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 Dec 2017"},{"key":"583_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(199702)26:2<167::AID-EQE630>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"26","author":"F Mazzolani","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mazzolani F, Piluso V (1997) Plastic design of seismic resistant steel frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 26:167\u2013191","journal-title":"Earthq Eng Struct Dyn"},{"key":"583_CR48","unstructured":"CSI analysis reference manual for SAP2000, 2009 \u00a0Etabs Safe and CsiBridge,\u00a0Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley (ISO No. GEN062708M1 Rev.4)"},{"key":"583_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2014.04.019","volume":"333","author":"I. Cali\u00f2","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cali\u00f2 I, Greco A, D\u05f3Urso D (2014) Free vibrations of spatial Timoshenko arches. J Sound Vib 333(19):4543\u20134561","journal-title":"Journal of Sound and Vibration"}],"container-title":["Engineering with Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00366-018-0583-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00366-018-0583-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00366-018-0583-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T19:41:25Z","timestamp":1547754085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00366-018-0583-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00366-018-0583-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0177-0667","1435-5663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0177-0667","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5663","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}