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These frameworks, abbreviated as PD-OC-TO and PD-PROP-TO, can be practically utilized to enhance the fracture toughness of the structures during the optimization process by taking critical regions into account as pre-defined cracks. Breaking the non-local interactions (bonds) between relevant PD particles enables us to readily model cracks. Utilizing this advantage, we solve several benchmark optimization problems including different numbers, positions, and alignments of the cracks. The major differences between the proposed methods are examined by comparing optimum topologies for various cracked scenarios. Moreover, the mechanical behaviour of the optimized structures is investigated under dynamic loads to prove the significant improvements achieved by the present approach in the final designs. The results of dynamic analyses reveal the viability of both PD-TO methods for increasing the fracture toughness of the structure in the optimization stage. Overall, the proposed approach is confirmed as a superior design and optimization tool for future engineering structures.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-023-01920-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T19:02:26Z","timestamp":1707332546000},"page":"2785-2806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Coupling of bond-based peridynamics and continuous density-based topology optimization methods for effective design of three-dimensional structures with discontinuities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Kendibilir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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