{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:22:45Z","timestamp":1778685765524,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-014-0990-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]],"date-time":"2014-06-02T17:56:36Z","timestamp":1401731796000},"page":"513-525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Recent advances in facial soft biometrics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Olasimbo Ayodeji","family":"Arigbabu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharifah Mumtazah Syed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Azizun Wan","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Yussof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818349","volume":"14","author":"AK Jain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Ross, A., Prabhakar, S.: An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 14(1), 4\u201320 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.1.71","volume":"3","author":"M Turk","year":"1991","unstructured":"Turk, M., Pentland, A.: Eigenfaces for recognition. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 3(1), 71\u201386 (1991)","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818350","volume":"14","author":"J Daugman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daugman, J.: How iris recognition works. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 14(1), 21\u201330 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"990_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-254-2","volume-title":"Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition","author":"D Maltoni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maltoni, D., Maio, D., Jain, A.K., Prabhakar, S.: Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition. Springer-Verlag, New York (2009)"},{"key":"990_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A., Nandakumar, K., Lu, X., Park, U.: Integrating faces, fingerprints, and soft biometric traits for user recognition. In: Proceedings of the Biometric Authentication Workshop, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, pp. 259\u2013269 (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25976-3_24"},{"issue":"3","key":"990_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2049842","volume":"5","author":"U Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park, U., Jain, A.: Face matching and retrieval using soft biometrics. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 5(3), 406\u2013415 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"990_CR7","series-title":"Handbook Biometrics","volume-title":"Introduction to Multibiometrics","author":"A Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ross, A., Nandakumar, K., Jain, A.: Introduction to Multibiometrics. Handbook Biometrics. Springer, Berlin (2008)"},{"issue":"9","key":"990_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2011.296","volume":"44","author":"KR Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jr, K.R., Barbour, B.: What are soft can they be used? Computer 44(9), 106\u2013108 (2011)","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"990_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Dass, S.C., Nandakumar, K.: Soft biometric traits for personal recognition systems. In: Proceedings of the Biometric Authentication Workshop, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, pp. 1\u20137 (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25948-0_99"},{"key":"990_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Dass, S.C., Nandakumar, K.: Can soft biometric traits assist user recognition? In: Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 561\u2013572 (2004)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.542890"},{"key":"990_CR11","unstructured":"Zewail, R., Elsafi, A., Saeb, M., Hamdy, N.: Soft and hard biometrics fusion for improved identity verification. In: Proceedings of the 47th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, MWSCAS, pp. 225\u2013228. (2004)"},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.018","volume":"27","author":"H Ailisto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ailisto, H., Vildjiounaite, E., Lindholm, M., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, S.-M., Peltola, J.: Soft biometrics\u2014combining body weight and fat measurements with fingerprint biometrics. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27(5), 325\u2013334 (2006)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2056920","volume":"41","author":"MC Costa Abreu Da","year":"2011","unstructured":"Da Costa Abreu, M.C., Fairhurst, M.: Enhancing identity prediction using a novel approach to combining hard- and soft-biometric information. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C (Appl. Rev.) 41(5), 599\u2013607 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C (Appl. Rev.)"},{"key":"990_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ran, Y., Rosenbush, G., Zheng, Q.: Computational approaches for real-time extraction of soft biometrics. In: 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR, pp. 1\u20134 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761878"},{"key":"990_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denman, S., Halstead, M.: Can you describe him for me? A technique for semantic person search in video. In: Proceedings of IEEE, Digital Image Computing? Techniques and Applications (DICTA), pp. 1\u20138 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2012.6411729"},{"issue":"2","key":"990_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-010-0635-7","volume":"51","author":"A Dantcheva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dantcheva, A., Velardo, C.: Bag of soft biometrics for person identification. Multimed. Tools Appl. 51(2), 739\u2013777 (2011)","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"990_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichino, M., Yamazaki, Y.: Soft biometrics and its application to security and business. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Biometrics and Kansei, Engineering, pp. 314\u2013319 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBAKE.2013.86"},{"key":"990_CR18","unstructured":"Lin, D.: Recognize high resolution faces: from macrocosm to microcosm. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1355\u20131362 (2006)"},{"key":"990_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A., Park, U.: Facial marks: soft biometric for face recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 37\u201340 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2009.5413921"},{"issue":"6","key":"990_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467","volume":"23","author":"T Cootes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cootes, T.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 681\u2013685 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"990_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Tulyakov, S., Govindaraju, V.: Combining facial skin mark and eigenfaces for face recognition. In: Proceedings of Third International Conference on Biometrics (ICB\u201909), Heidelberg, Berlin. pp. 424\u2013433 (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01793-3_44"},{"key":"990_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"2012","author":"M Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, M., Moon, H., Chung, Y., Pan, S.: A survey and proposed framework on the soft biometrics technique for human identification in intelligent video surveillance system. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 1\u20137 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"990_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivas, N., Aggarwal, G., Flynn, P.J., Bruegge, R.W.V.: Facial marks as biometric signatures to distinguish between identical twins. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 106\u2013113 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2011.5981818"},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2206027","volume":"7","author":"N Srinivas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srinivas, N., Aggarwal, G., Flynn, P., Bruegge, R.V.: Analysis of facial marks to distinguish between identical twins. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7(5), 1536\u20131550 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004","volume":"61","author":"T Cootes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cootes, T., Taylor, C., Cooper, D., Graham, J.: Active shape models-their training and application. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 61(1), 38\u201359 (1995)","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"issue":"8","key":"990_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1217601","volume":"25","author":"G Loy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Loy, G., Zelinsky, A.: A fast radial symmetry transform for detecting points of interest. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25(8), 959\u2013973 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"990_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrard, J.-S., Vetter, T.: Skin detail analysis for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1\u20138 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383264"},{"key":"990_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batool, N., Taheri, S., Chellappa, R.: Assessment of facial wrinkles as a soft biometrics. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 1\u20137 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553719"},{"key":"990_CR29","unstructured":"Wan, K., Lam, K., Ng, K.C.: An accurate active shape model for facial feature extraction. In: lnternational Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia. Video and Speech Processing, pp. 109\u2013112 (2004)"},{"key":"990_CR30","unstructured":"Zlki, F., de Peter H.N.: Fast facial feature extraction using a deformable shape model with haar-wavelet based local texture attributes. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 1425\u20131428 (2004)"},{"key":"990_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahoor, M.H., Abdel-mottaleb, M.: Facial features extraction in color images using enhanced active shape model. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 1\u20135 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.51"},{"issue":"10","key":"990_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2009.2026457","volume":"16","author":"Z Niu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Niu, Z., Shan, S., Chen, X.: Facial shape localization using probability gradient hints. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 16(10), 897\u2013900 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"990_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2010.07.011","volume":"31","author":"V Ramanathan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramanathan, V., Wechsler, H.: Robust human authentication using appearance and holistic anthropometric features. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 31(15), 2425\u20132435 (2010)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"990_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Kissi Ghalleb, A., Sghaier, S., Essoukri Ben Amara, N.: Face recognition improvement using soft biometrics. In: 10th International Multi-Conferences on Systems, Signals & Devices, pp. 1\u20136 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2013.6564044"},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000242","volume":"24","author":"R Hsu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hsu, R., Abdel-Mottaleb, M., Jain, A.K.: Face detection in color images. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(5), 696\u2013706 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"990_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1109\/6046.784465","volume":"1","author":"C Garcia","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garcia, C., Tziritas, G.: Face detection using quantized skin color regions merging and wavelet packet analysis. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 1(3), 264\u2013277 (1999)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR37","first-page":"795","volume":"6","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, S., Ying, D.: The integration of skin color segmentation and self-adapted template matching for the robust face detection. Int. Rev. Comput. Softw. 6(5), 795\u2013805 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Comput. Softw."},{"key":"990_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boaventura, I.A.G., Volpe, V.M., da Silva, I.N., Gonzaga, A.: Fuzzy classification of human skin color in color images. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 5071\u20135075 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2006.385112"},{"key":"990_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinson, E., Lawson, W., Trafton, J.G.: Identifying people with soft-biometrics at fleet week. In: Proceedings of 8th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human\u2013Robot, Interaction (HRI), pp. 49\u201356 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483501"},{"key":"990_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantcheva, A.: On the reliability of eye color as a soft biometric trait. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), pp. 227\u2013231 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2011.5711507"},{"issue":"4","key":"990_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2075927","volume":"5","author":"K Niinuma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niinuma, K., Park, U., Jain, A.: Soft biometric traits for continuous user authentication. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 5(4), 771\u2013780 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"990_CR42","unstructured":"Vezhnevets, V., Sazonov, V., Andreeva, A.: A survey on pixel-based skin color detection techniques. In: Proceedings of Graphicon, pp. 85\u201392 (2003)"},{"issue":"2","key":"990_CR43","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"C Prema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prema, C., Manimegalai, D.: Survey on skin tone detection using color spaces. Int. J. Appl. Inf. Syst. 2(2), 18\u201326 (2012)","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"990_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.7763\/IJMO.2011.V1.42","volume":"1","author":"R Vijayanandh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vijayanandh, R., Balakrishnan, G.: Performance analysis of human skin region detection techniques with face detection application. Int. J. Model. Optim. 1(3), 236\u2013242 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Model. Optim."},{"key":"990_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subban, R., Mishra, R.: Rule-based face detection in color images using normalized $$RGB$$ R G B color space\u2014a comparative study. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, pp. 1\u20135 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIC.2012.6510304"},{"key":"990_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, H.: Adaptive technique for human face detection using HSV color space and neural networks. In: National Radio Science Conference, NRSC, pp. 1\u20137 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2008.4542385"},{"key":"990_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirkus, M., Garg, K., Guler, S.: Automated person categorization for video surveillance using soft biometrics. In: Proceedings of SPIE 7667, Biometric Technology for Human Identification VII, (2010)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.851424"},{"key":"990_CR48","unstructured":"Fu, Z.F.Z., Yang, J.Y.J., Hu, W.H.W., Tan, T.T.T.: Mixture clustering using multidimensional histograms for skin detection. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 1\u20134 (2004)"},{"issue":"2","key":"990_CR49","first-page":"172","volume":"3","author":"F Xiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xiang, F.: Fusion of multi color space for human skin region segmentation. Int. J. Inf. Electron. Eng. 3(2), 172\u2013174 (2013)","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"990_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, D., Ngan, K.N.: Locating facial region of a head-and-shoulders color image. In: Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 124\u2013129 (1998)","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.1998.670936"},{"issue":"2","key":"990_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2009.01.005","volume":"20","author":"GL Marcialis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marcialis, G.L., Roli, F., Muntoni, D.: Group-specific face verification using soft biometrics. J. Vis. Lang. Comput. 20(2), 101\u2013109 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Vis. Lang. Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"990_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1145\/954339.954342","volume":"35","author":"W Zhao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Rosenfeld, A.: Face recognition? A literature survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 35(4), 399\u2013458 (2003)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/34.982883","volume":"24","author":"M Yang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yang, M., Kriegman, D.J., Member, S., Ahuja, N.: Detecting faces in images? A survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(1), 34\u201358 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"990_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Nazir, M., Akram, S., Riaz, N.: Gender classification using image processing techniques: a survey. In: Proceedings of 2011 IEEE 14th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC), pp. 25\u201330 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/INMIC.2011.6151483"},{"issue":"6","key":"990_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.09.027","volume":"27","author":"H-C Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim, H.-C., Kim, D., Ghahramani, Z., Bang, S.Y.: Appearance-based gender classification with Gaussian processes. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27(6), 618\u2013626 (2006)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"990_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A., Huang, J., Fang, S.: Gender identification using frontal facial images. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 1082\u20131085 (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2005.1521613"},{"issue":"2","key":"990_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.08.003","volume":"46","author":"H Shih","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shih, H.: Robust gender classification using a precise patch histogram. Pattern Recogn. 46(2), 519\u2013528 (2013)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"990_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabid, T., Kabir, M., Chae, O.: Gender classification using local directional pattern (LDP). In: Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 2162\u20132165 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.373"},{"key":"990_CR59","unstructured":"Majid, A., Khan, A., Mirza, A.: Gender classification using discrete cosine transformation: a comparison of different classifiers. In: 7th International Multi Topic Conference, pp. 59\u201364 (2003)"},{"key":"990_CR60","unstructured":"Nazir, M., Ishtiaq, M., Batool, A.: Feature selection for efficient gender classification. In: Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS International Conference on Neural Networks, Evolutionary Computing and Fuzzy Systems, pp. 70\u201375 (2010)"},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-013-0774-8","volume":"30","author":"MA Berbar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berbar, M.A.: Three robust features extraction approaches for facial gender classification. Vis. Comput. 30(1), 19\u201331 (2013)","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"990_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, P., Khanna, P.: Gender classification using Radon and Wavelet Transforms. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, pp. 448\u2013451 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2010.5578661"},{"key":"990_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhamecha, T., Sankaran, A.: Is gender classification across ethnicity feasible using discriminant functions? In: 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), pp. 1\u20137 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117524"},{"issue":"3","key":"990_CR64","first-page":"87","volume":"2","author":"S Yousefi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yousefi, S., Zahedi, M.: Gender recognition based on sift features. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Appl. 2(3), 87\u201394 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"990_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.05.016","volume":"33","author":"C Shan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shan, C.: Learning local binary patterns for gender classification on real-world face images. Patt. Recogn. Lett. 33(4), 431\u2013437 (2012)","journal-title":"Patt. Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"990_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayo, M., Zhang, E.: Improving face gender classification by adding deliberately misaligned faces to the training data. In: IEEE 3rd International Conference on Image and Vision Computing, pp. 1\u20135 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/IVCNZ.2008.4762066"},{"issue":"11","key":"990_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2012.0834","volume":"48","author":"M Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu, M., Zhou, J., Sun, J.: Multi-scale ICA texture pattern for gender recognition. Electron. Lett. 48(11), 629 (2012)","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"990_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Jain, A.: Ethnicity identification from face images. In: Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Biometric Technology for Human Identification, pp. 114\u2013123 (2004)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.542847"},{"issue":"4","key":"990_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.208","volume":"33","author":"J Bekios-Calfa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bekios-Calfa, J., Buenaposada, J.M., Baumela, L.: Revisiting linear discriminant techniques in gender recognition. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 33(4), 858\u2013864 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"990_CR70","unstructured":"Golomb, B., Lawrence, D., Sejnowski, T.: SEXNET: a neural network identifies sex from human faces. In: Lippmann, R.P., Moody, J.E., Touretzky, D.S.: (eds.) Proceedings of 1990 Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3 (NIP-3). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco. pp. 572\u2013577 (1990)"},{"key":"990_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, S., Hideo, K., Mitsumoto, H.: Male\/female identification from 8 x 6 very low resolution face images by neural network. Patt. Recogn. 29(2), 331\u2013335 (1996)","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00073-9"},{"key":"990_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, L., Xu, Z., Shi, P.: Gender classification of facial images based on multiple facial regions. In: WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information, Engineering, pp. 48\u201352 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/CSIE.2009.871"},{"key":"990_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Chen, C., Ricanek, K., Sun, C.: Gender classification via global\u2013local features fusion. In: Biometric Recognition, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, pp. 214\u2013220 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25449-9_27"},{"key":"990_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.09.008","volume":"221","author":"W-S Chu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chu, W.-S., Huang, C.-R., Chen, C.-S.: Gender classification from unaligned facial images using support subspaces. Inf. Sci. 221, 98\u2013109 (2013)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"990_CR75","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Lu, L., Shi, P.: A hybrid approach to gender classification from face images. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 2\u20135 (2008)"},{"key":"990_CR76","unstructured":"Yang, M., Moghaddam, B.: Support vector machines for visual gender classification. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 1115\u20131118 (2000)"},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000244","volume":"24","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moghaddam, B., Yang, M.: Learning gender with support faces. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(5), 707\u2013711 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"990_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70800","volume":"30","author":"E Makinen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Makinen, E., Raisamo, R.: Evaluation of gender classification methods with automatically detected and aligned faces. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 30(3), 541\u2013547 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"990_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farinella, G., Dugelay, J.: Demographic classification: do gender and ethnicity affect each other? In: Proceedings of IEEE Intenational Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision, pp. 383\u2013390 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEV.2012.6317383"},{"key":"990_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Lin, H.: Gender recognition using adaboosted feature. In: Proceedings of Third International Conference on Natural Computation, ICNC, pp. 646\u2013650 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2007.396"},{"key":"990_CR81","unstructured":"Bhatia, N., Kumar, R., Menon, S.: FIDA: face recognition using descriptive input semantics. available: http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/class\/cs229\/proj2007\/BhatiaKumarMenonFIDAFaceRecognitionusingDescriptiveInputSemantics.pdf (2007)"},{"key":"990_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, B.P., Balas, B., Ostrovsky, Y., Russell, R.: Face recognition by humans? Nineteen results all computer vision researchers should know about. In: Proceedings of IEEE, pp. 1948\u20131962 (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.884093"},{"key":"990_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantcheva, A., Dugelay, J., Elia, P.: Person recognition using a bag of facial soft biometrics (BoFSB). In: Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia, Signal Processing (MMSP), pp. 511\u2013516 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP.2010.5662074"},{"key":"990_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantcheva, A., Dugelay, J.: Frontal-to-side face re-identification based on hair, skin and clothes patches. In: Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal-Based Surveillance (AVSS), pp. 309\u2013313 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2011.6027342"},{"key":"990_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouaret, M., Dantcheva, A., Min, R.: BIOFACE: a biometric face demonstrator. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia (MM\u2019 10), ACM, New York, pp. 1613\u20131616 (2010)","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874301"},{"key":"990_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, D.A., Nixon, M.S.: Using comparative human descriptions for soft biometrics. In: International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), pp. 1\u20136 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117513"},{"key":"990_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, D., Nixon, M.: Human identification using facial comparative descriptions. In: 6th International Conference on Biometrics, pp. 1\u20137 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2013.6612962"},{"key":"990_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53859-8.00013-8","volume":"31","author":"D Reid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reid, D., Samangooei, S., Chen, C., Nixon, M., Ross, A.: Soft biometrics for surveillance: an overview. Handb. Stat. 31, 327\u2013352 (2013)","journal-title":"Handb. Stat."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"990_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2003.11.015","volume":"130","author":"A DasGupta","year":"2005","unstructured":"DasGupta, A.: The matching, birthday and the strong birthday problem: a contemporary review. J. Stat. Plan. Inf. 130(1\u20132), 377\u2013389 (2005)","journal-title":"J. Stat. Plan. Inf."},{"key":"990_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantcheva, A., Dugelay, J., Elia, P.: Soft biometrics systems? Reliability and asymptotic bounds. In: Fourth IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 1\u20136 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2010.5634534"},{"key":"990_CR91","unstructured":"FaceVACS software developer kit Cognitec Systems GmbH [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.cognitec-systems.de"}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-014-0990-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-014-0990-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-014-0990-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T06:05:57Z","timestamp":1746252357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-014-0990-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-014-0990-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2789","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]]}}}