{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T16:28:58Z","timestamp":1776270538227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]],"date-time":"2015-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]],"date-time":"2015-11-02T09:19:01Z","timestamp":1446455941000},"page":"163-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A two-level clustering approach for multidimensional transfer function specification in volume visualization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Lile","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binh P.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chee-Kong","family":"Chui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sim-Heng","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1167_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajaj, C., Pascucci, V., Schikore, D.: The contour spectrum. In: Proceedings of IEEE Visualization (VIS \u201997), pp. 167\u2013173 (1997)","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.1997.663875"},{"key":"1167_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevk, M., Kononenko, I.: A statistical approach to texture description of medical images: a preliminary study. In: Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, pp. 239\u2013244 (2002)","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2002.1011383"},{"key":"1167_CR3","unstructured":"Bogdan, M., Rosenstiel, W.: Detection of cluster in self-organizing maps for controlling a prostheses using nerve signals. In: Proceedings of European symposium on artificial neural networks, pp. 131\u2013136 (2001)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2007.909556","volume":"19","author":"D Brugger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brugger, D., Bogdan, M., Rosenstiel, W.: Automatic cluster detection in Kohonen\u2019s SOM. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 19(3), 442\u2013459 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"issue":"6","key":"1167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.169","volume":"14","author":"JJ Caban","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caban, J.J., Rheingans, P.: Texture-based transfer functions for direct volume rendering. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 14(6), 1364\u20131371 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"7","key":"1167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2013.08.008","volume":"37","author":"L Cai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cai, L., Tay, W.-L., Nguyen, B.P., Chui, C.-K., Ong, S.-H.: Automatic transfer function design for medical visualization using visibility distributions and projective color mapping. Comput. Med. Imaging Graph. 37(7), 450\u2013458 (2013)","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"issue":"6","key":"1167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.162","volume":"14","author":"CD Correa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Correa, C.D., Ma, K.-L.: Size-based transfer functions: a new volume exploration technique. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 14(6), 1380\u20131387 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"6","key":"1167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.189","volume":"15","author":"CD Correa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Correa, C.D., Ma, K.-L.: The occlusion spectrum for volume visualization and classification. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 15(6), 1465\u20131472 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujishiro, I., Azuma, T., Takeshima, Y.: Automating transfer function design for comprehensible volume rendering based on 3D field topology analysis. In: Proceedings of IEEE Visualization (Vis \u201999), pp. 467\u2013563 (1999)","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.1999.809932"},{"key":"1167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajdo\u0161, P., Plato\u0161, J.: GPU based parallelism forself-organizing map. In: Proceedings of the third internationalconference on intelligent human computer interaction (IHCI 2011), vol. 179 of advances in intelligent systems and computing, pp. 231\u2013242. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31603-6_20"},{"key":"1167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Xiao, H., Yuan, X.: Multi-dimensional transfer function design based on flexible dimension projection embedded in parallel coordinates. In: Proceedings of IEEE pacific visualization symposium (PacificVis), pp. 19\u201326 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/PACIFICVIS.2011.5742368"},{"key":"1167_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidacher, M., Patel, D., Bruckner, S., Kanitsar, A., Gr\u00f6ller, M.: Volume visualization based on statistical transfer-function spaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE pacific visualization symposium (PacificVis), pp. 17\u201324 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/PACIFICVIS.2010.5429615"},{"key":"1167_CR13","first-page":"58","volume":"16","author":"J Hladuvka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hladuvka, J., K\u00f6nig, A., Gr\u00f6ller, E.: Curvature-based transfer functions for direct volume rendering. Proc. Spring Conf. Comput. Graph. 16, 58\u201365 (2000)","journal-title":"Proc. Spring Conf. Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"1","key":"1167_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-013-0777-5","volume":"30","author":"T-J Hsieh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsieh, T.-J., Yang, Y.-S., Wang, J.-H., Shen, W.-J.: Feature extraction using bionic particle swarm tracing for transfer function design in direct volume rendering. Vis. Comput. 30(1), 33\u201344 (2014)","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"1167_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.231","volume":"18","author":"CY Ip","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ip, C.Y., Varshney, A., JaJa, J.: Hierarchical exploration of volumes using multilevel segmentation of the intensity-gradient histograms. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 18, 2355\u20132363 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, N.M., Kyan, M., Guan, L.: Intuitive volume exploration through spherical self-organizing map. In: Advances in self-organizing maps, pp. 75\u201384. Springer (2013)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35230-0_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"1167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(01)00040-8","volume":"38","author":"MY Kiang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kiang, M.Y.: Extending the kohonen self-organizing map networks for clustering analysis. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 38(2), 161\u2013180 (2001)","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"issue":"3","key":"1167_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1057\/ivs.2010.6","volume":"9","author":"HS Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, H.S., Schulze, J.P., Cone, A.C., Sosinsky, G.E., Martone, M.E.: Dimensionality reduction on multi-dimensional transfer functions for multi-channel volume data sets. Inf. Vis. 9(3), 167\u2013180 (2010)","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"1167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kindlmann, G., Durkin, J.W.: Semi-automatic generation of transfer functions for direct volume rendering. In: Proceedings of IEEE symposium on volume visualization, pp. 79\u201386 (1998)","DOI":"10.1109\/SVV.1998.729588"},{"key":"1167_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kniss, J., Kindlmann, G., Hansen, C.: Interactive volume rendering using multi-dimensional transfer functions and direct manipulation widgets. In: Proceedings of IEEE visualization (VIS \u201901), pp. 255\u2013262. IEEE Computer Society (2001)","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.2001.964519"},{"issue":"3","key":"1167_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2002.1021579","volume":"8","author":"J Kniss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kniss, J., Kindlmann, G., Hansen, C.: Multidimensional transfer functions for interactive volume rendering. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 8(3), 270\u2013285 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"9","key":"1167_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58325","volume":"78","author":"T Kohonen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kohonen, T.: The self-organizing map. Proc. IEEE 78(9), 1464\u20131480 (1990)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"1167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, D.P., Chng, C.B., Chui, C.K.: New device for single-stage in-office secondary tracheoesophageal puncture: animal studies. Head Neck (2014)","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23392"},{"issue":"6","key":"1167_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.167","volume":"14","author":"L Linsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Linsen, L., Van Long, T., Rosenthal, P., Rosswog, S.: Surface extraction from multi-field particle volume data using multi-dimensional cluster visualization. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 14(6), 1483\u20131490 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"6","key":"1167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.185","volume":"15","author":"R Maciejewski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maciejewski, R., Chen, W., Woo, I., Ebert, D.S.: Structuring feature space\u2014a non-parametric method for volumetric transfer function generation. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 15(6), 1473\u20131480 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR26","unstructured":"Moutarde, F., Ultsch, A. et al.: U $$*$$ \u2217 F clustering: a new performant \u201ccluster-mining\u201d method based on segmentation of self-organizing maps. In: Proceedings of workshop on self-organizing maps (2005)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-011-0634-3","volume":"28","author":"BP Nguyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nguyen, B.P., Tay, W.-L., Chui, C.-K., Ong, S.-H.: A clustering-based system to automate transfer function design for medical image visualization. Vis. Comput. 28(2), 181\u2013191 (2012)","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"1167_CR28","unstructured":"Opolon, D., Moutarde, F.: Fast semi-automatic segmentation algorithm for self-organizing maps. In: Proceedings of European symposium on artifical neural networks (2004)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1167_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-007-9061-x","volume":"27","author":"D Petrilis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petrilis, D., Halatsis, C.: Two-level clustering of web sites using self-organizing maps. Neural Process. Lett. 27(1), 85\u201395 (2008)","journal-title":"Neural Process. Lett."},{"key":"1167_CR30","unstructured":"Pinto, F.d.M., Freitas, C.M.: Design of multi-dimensional transfer functions using dimensional reduction. In: Proceedings of eurographics\/IEEE-VGTC symposium on visualization, pp. 131\u2013138. Eurographics Association (2007)"},{"key":"1167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868688","volume":"22","author":"J Shi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shi, J., Malik, J.: Normalized cuts and image segmentation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22, 888\u2013905 (2000)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"1167_CR32","unstructured":"Shi, J., Malik, J.: Normalized cut segmentation code. University of Pennsylvania, Computer and Information Science Department (2004)"},{"key":"1167_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M.-C., Liu, T.-K., Chang, H.-T.: An efficient initialization scheme for the self-organizing feature map algorithm. In: Proceedings of international joint conference on neural networks, vol. 3, pp. 1906\u20131910. IEEE (1999)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1999.832672"},{"issue":"3","key":"1167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2005.38","volume":"11","author":"F-Y Tzeng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tzeng, F.-Y., Lum, E.B., Ma, K.-L.: An intelligent system approach to higher-dimensional classification of volume data. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 11(3), 273\u2013284 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR35","unstructured":"Tzeng, F.-Y., Ma, K.-L.: A cluster-space visual interface for arbitrary dimensional classification of volume data. In: Proceedings of eurographics\/IEEE-VGTC symposium on visualization, pp. 17\u201324 (2004)"},{"key":"1167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ultsch, A.: Self-organizing neural networks for visualisation and classification. In: Information and classification, pp. 307\u2013313. Springer (1993)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-50974-2_31"},{"key":"1167_CR37","unstructured":"Ultsch, A.: Maps for the visualization of high-dimensional data spaces. In: Proceedings of workshop on self-organizing maps, pp. 225\u2013230 (2003)"},{"key":"1167_CR38","unstructured":"Ultsch, A.: U $$*$$ \u2217 -matrix: a tool to visualize clusters in high dimensional data. Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik (2003)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1167_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1109\/72.846731","volume":"11","author":"J Vesanto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vesanto, J., Alhoniemi, E.: Clustering of the self-organizing map. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 11(3), 586\u2013600 (2000)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"1167_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.39","volume":"12","author":"P \u0160ereda","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u0160ereda, P., Bartroli, A.V., Serlie, I.W.O., Gerritsen, F.A.: Visualization of boundaries in volumetric data sets using LH histograms. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 12(2), 208\u2013218 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR41","unstructured":"\u0160ereda, P., Vilanova, A., Gerritsen, F.A.: Automating transfer function design for volume rendering using hierarchical clustering of material boundaries. In: Proceedings of Eurographics\/IEEE-VGTC symposium on visualization, pp. 243\u2013250 (2006)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1167_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.23","volume":"18","author":"L Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhao, X., Kaufman, A.E.: Modified dendrogram of attribute space for multidimensional transfer function design. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 18(1), 121\u2013131 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"11","key":"1167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.97","volume":"17","author":"Y Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, W., Zhang, J., Dong, T., Shan, G., Chi, X.: Efficient volume exploration using the gaussian mixture model. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 17(11), 1560\u20131573 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Lehmann, DirkJ., Theisel, H., Chi, X.: Automating transfer function design with valley cell-based clustering of 2D density plots. In: Proceedings of eurographics conference on visualization, pp. 1295\u20131304 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03122.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"1167_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.47","volume":"13","author":"GH Weber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weber, G.H., Dillard, S.E., Carr, H., Pascucci, V., Hamann, B.: Topology-controlled volume rendering. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 13(2), 330\u2013341 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"1167_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesarg, S., Kirschner, M.: 3D visualization of medical image data employing 2D histograms. In: Proceedings of second international conference in visualisation (VIZ \u201909), pp. 153 \u2013158 (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/VIZ.2009.30"},{"issue":"2","key":"1167_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00237-1","volume":"37","author":"S Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wu, S., Chow, T.W.: Clustering of the self-organizing map using a clustering validity index based on inter-cluster and intra-cluster density. Pattern Recogn. 37(2), 175\u2013188 (2004)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"1167_CR48","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Kaufman, A.: Multi-dimensional reduction and transfer function design using parallel coordinates. In: Proceedings of the 8th IEEE\/EG international conference on volume graphics, pp. 69\u201376. Eurographics Association (2010)"}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T07:56:32Z","timestamp":1748678192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-015-1167-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2789","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]}}}