{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:31:42Z","timestamp":1776443502246,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02119-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T14:02:57Z","timestamp":1619100177000},"page":"2383-2416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A comprehensive survey and deep learning-based approach for human recognition using ear biometric"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Aman","family":"Kamboj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajneesh","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Nigam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2119_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0035-0_20","volume-title":"Soft Computing for Problem Solving","author":"R Anand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anand, R., Shanthi, T., Nithish, M., Lakshman, S.: Face recognition and classification using googlenet architecture. In: Soft Computing for Problem Solving, pp. 261\u2013269. Springer, Berlin (2020)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2119_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01530-4","volume":"50","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Han, C., Guo, T., Qin, J.: A novel method based on deep learning for aligned fingerprints matching. Appl. Intell. 50(2), 397\u2013416 (2020)","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"2119_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakkar, S., Patel, C.: Iris recognition supported best gabor filters and deep learning cnn options. In: 2020 International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech), pp. 167\u2013170. IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/I4Tech48345.2020.9102681"},{"key":"2119_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.107071","volume":"98","author":"S Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Zhang, B.: Deep discriminative representation for generic palmprint recognition. Pattern Recogn. 98, 107071 (2020)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"2119_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trabelsi, S., Samai, D., Meraoumia, A., Bensid, K., Benlamoudi, A., Dornaika, F., Taleb-Ahmed, A.: Finger-knuckle-print recognition using deep convolutional neural network. In: 020 1st International Conference on Communications, Control Systems and Signal Processing (CCSSP), (pp. 163\u2013168). IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CCSSP49278.2020.9151531"},{"key":"2119_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3024116","volume":"8","author":"H Alshazly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alshazly, H., Linse, C., Barth, E., Martinetz, T.: Deep convolutional neural networks for unconstrained ear recognition. IEEE Access 8, 170295\u2013170310 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"2119_CR7","first-page":"2276","volume":"13","author":"T Sabhanayagam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sabhanayagam, T., Venkatesan, V.P., Senthamaraikannan, K.: A comprehensive survey on various biometric systems. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13(5), 2276\u20132297 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"key":"2119_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, S., Arora, A., Kaul, A.: A survey of emerging biometric modalities. Procedia Computer Science, 2:213 \u2013 218. Proceedings of the International Conference and Exhibition on Biometrics Technology (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2010.11.027"},{"key":"2119_CR9","unstructured":"Vats, S., Harkeerat Kaur, G.: A comparative study of different biometric features. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science 7(6), (2017)"},{"key":"2119_CR10","first-page":"285","volume":"4","author":"I Alsaadi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alsaadi, I.: Physiological biometric authentication systems, advantages, disadvantages and future development: A review. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res. 4, 285\u2013289 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"2119_CR11","volume-title":"La photographie judiciaire: avec un appendice sur la classification et l\u2019identification anthropom\u00e9triques","author":"A Bertillon","year":"1890","unstructured":"Bertillon, A.: La photographie judiciaire: avec un appendice sur la classification et l\u2019identification anthropom\u00e9triques. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1890)"},{"key":"2119_CR12","unstructured":"Iannarelli, A.: Ear identification. Paramount Publishing Company, Forensic Identification Series (1989)"},{"key":"2119_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van\u00a0der Lugt, C.: Ear prints (2000)","DOI":"10.1006\/rwfs.2000.0497"},{"key":"2119_CR14","unstructured":"Kasprzak, J.: Forensic otoscopy-new method of human identification (2015)"},{"key":"2119_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M.I.S., Nixon, M.S., Mahmoodi, S.: The effect of time on ear biometrics. In: 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB), 1\u20136 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117584"},{"issue":"9","key":"2119_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227990","volume":"25","author":"KW Bowyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowyer, K.W., Sarkar, S., Victor, B.: Comparison and combination of ear and face images in appearance-based biometrics. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25(9), 1160\u20131165 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2119_CR17","first-page":"1208","volume":"6","author":"MG Uttara Athawale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uttara Athawale, M.G.: Survey on recent ear biometric recognition techniques. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 6, 1208\u20131211 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2119_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2013.06.001","volume":"31","author":"A Abaza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abaza, A., Bourlai, T.: On ear-based human identification in the mid-wave infrared spectrum. Image Vis. Comput. 31(9), 640\u2013648 (2013)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"2119_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2823910","volume":"25","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Lu, Z., Li, J., Yang, T., Yao, C.: Global temporal representation based cnns for infrared action recognition. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 25(6), 848\u2013852 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"2119_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Lu, Z., Li, J., Yao, C., Deng, Y.: Transferable feature representation for visible-to-infrared cross-dataset human action recognition. Complexity, 2018 (2018)","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5345241"},{"key":"2119_CR21","unstructured":"Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., Sun, J.: Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Cortes, C., Lawrence, N.\u00a0D., Lee, D.\u00a0D., Sugiyama, M., and Garnett, R., editors, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28, pp. 91\u201399. Curran Associates, Inc (2015)"},{"key":"2119_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Deng, W.: Very deep convolutional neural network based image classification using small training sample size. In: 2015 3rd IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition (ACPR), pp. 730\u2013734 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACPR.2015.7486599"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.06.005","volume":"45","author":"A Kumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Wu, C.: Automated human identification using ear imaging. Pattern Recogn. 45(3), 956\u2013968 (2006)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"issue":"1","key":"2119_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2011.11.005","volume":"30","author":"S Prakash","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prakash, S., Gupta, P.: An efficient ear localization technique. Image Vis. Comput. 30(1), 38\u201350 (2012)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"2119_CR25","unstructured":"USTB (2004).Ear Recoginition Laboratory( University of science and technologyBeijing USTB database). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www1.ustb.edu.cn\/resb\/en\/doc\/Imagedb_123_intro_en.pdf"},{"key":"2119_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, P., Bowyer, K.W.: Biometric recognition using three dimensional ear shape cvrl data sets ( university of notre dame und database). retrieved from https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/nd.edu\/public-cvrl\/data-sets. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 29(8):1297\u20131308 (2003)","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1067"},{"key":"2119_CR27","unstructured":"UMIST (2014). Face database. ( university of sheffield). Available at: http:\/\/www.shef.ac.uk\/eee\/research\/vie\/research\/face.html"},{"key":"2119_CR28","unstructured":"Gonzalez, E.: Ph.d. thesis, ami datbase. http:\/\/ctim.ulpgc.es\/researchworks\/amieardatabase\/ (2008)"},{"key":"2119_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.139","volume":"255","author":"Z Emersic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emersic, Z., Struc, V., Peer, P.: Ear recognition: More than a survey. Neurocomputing 255, 26\u201339 (2017)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2119_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, R., Hoyle, E., Peixinho, A., Proen\u00e7a, H.: Ubear: A dataset of ear images captured on-the-move in uncontrolled conditions. In: 2011 IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Biometrics and Identity Management (CIBIM), pp. 84\u201390 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBIM.2011.5949208"},{"key":"2119_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zaferiou, S.: Deformable models of ears in-the-wild for alignment and recognition. In: 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), pp. 626\u2013633 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.79"},{"key":"2119_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71589-6_35","volume-title":"Image and Graphics","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Mu, Z., Yuan, L., Yu, C., Liu, Q.: Ustb-helloear: A large database of ear images photographed under uncontrolled conditions. In: Zhao, Y., Kong, X., Taubman, D. (eds.) Image and Graphics, pp. 405\u2013416. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2017)"},{"key":"2119_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, V.T.: Earvn1.0: A new large-scale ear images dataset in the wild. Data in Brief, 27: 104630 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104630"},{"key":"2119_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28854-3","volume-title":"Image feature detectors and descriptors. Studies in Computational Intelligence","author":"AI Awad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Awad, A.I., Hassaballah, M.: Image feature detectors and descriptors. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)"},{"key":"2119_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, S., Jayaraman, U., Gupta, P.: Ear localization using hierarchical clustering. In: Optics and Photonics in Global Homeland Security V and Biometric Technology for Human Identification VI, volume 7306, pp. 730620. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2009)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.818371"},{"key":"2119_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abaza, A., Hebert, C., Harrison, M. A.\u00a0F.: Fast learning ear detection for real-time surveillance. In: 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), 1\u20136 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2010.5634486"},{"key":"2119_CR37","unstructured":"Joshi, K.V., Chauhan, N.C.: Edge detection and template matching approaches for human ear detection. IJCA Special Issue on Intelligent Systems and Data Processing 50\u201355 (2011)"},{"key":"2119_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, N. K.\u00a0A., Hemayed, E.\u00a0E., Fayek, M.\u00a0B.: Heard: An automatic human ear detection technique. In: 2012 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), (pp. 1\u20137) (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEngTechnol.2012.6396118"},{"key":"2119_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.07.022","volume":"27","author":"MR Ganesh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ganesh, M.R., Krishna, R., Manikantan, K., Ramachandran, S.: Entropy based binary particle swarm optimization and classification for ear detection. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 27, 115\u2013128 (2014)","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"2119_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-015-0669-y","volume":"26","author":"P Chidananda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chidananda, P., Srinivas, P., Manikantan, K., Ramachandran, S.: Entropy-cum-hough-transform-based ear detection using ellipsoid particle swarm optimization. Mach. Vis. Appl. 26(2), 185\u2013203 (2015)","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"2119_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pflug, A., Winterstein, A., Busch, C.: Robust localization of ears by feature level fusion and context information. In: 2013 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), pp. 1\u20138 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2013.6612956"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.18178\/ijsps.4.3.258-262","volume":"4","author":"A Halawani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Halawani, A., Li, H.: Human ear localization: A template-based approach. Int. J. Signal Process. Sys. 4(3), 258\u2013262 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Signal Process. Sys."},{"key":"2119_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resmi, K.\u00a0R., Raju, G.: A novel approach to automatic ear detection using banana wavelets and circular hough transform. In: 2019 International Conference on Data Science and Communication (IconDSC), pp. 1\u20135 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/IconDSC.2019.8816919"},{"key":"2119_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsico, M.\u00a0D., Michele, N., Riccio, D.: Hero: Human ear recognition against occlusions. In: 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Workshops, pp. 178\u2013183 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5544623"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2041652","volume":"40","author":"JD Bustard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bustard, J.D., Nixon, M.S.: Toward unconstrained ear recognition from two-dimensional images. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybern-Part A: Sys. Humans 40(3), 486\u2013494 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybern-Part A: Sys. Humans"},{"issue":"4","key":"2119_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2010.11.014","volume":"115","author":"B Arbab-Zavar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arbab-Zavar, B., Nixon, M.S.: On guided model-based analysis for ear biometrics. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 115(4), 487\u2013502 (2011)","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.06.005","volume":"45","author":"A Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Wu, C.: Automated human identification using ear imaging. Pattern Recogn. 45(3), 956\u2013968 (2012)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"2119_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, T. S., Kumar, A.: Reliable ear identification using 2-d quadrature filters. Pattern Recognition Letters, Novel Pattern Recognition-Based Methods for Re-identification in Biometric Context (2012) 33(14):1870 \u2013 1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.11.013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2119_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1068-1","volume":"23","author":"FN Sibai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sibai, F.N., Nuaimi, A., Maamari, A., Kuwair, R.: Ear recognition with feed-forward artificial neural networks. Neural Comput. Appl. 23(5), 1265\u20131273 (2013)","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"2119_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boodoo-Jahangeer, N.\u00a0B., Baichoo, S.: Lbp-based ear recognition. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on BioInformatics and BioEngineering, 1\u20134 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBE.2013.6701687"},{"key":"2119_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pflug, A., Busch, C., Ross, A.: 2d ear classification based on unsupervised clustering. IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics 1\u20138 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2014.6996239"},{"key":"2119_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L., Mu, Z.: Ear recognition based on gabor features and kfda. The Scientific World Journal (2014)","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/702076"},{"key":"2119_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigam, A., Gupta, P.: Robust ear recognition using gradient ordinal relationship pattern. In: Computer Vision - ACCV 2014, volume 9010 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (pp. 617\u2013632). Springer, Berlin (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16634-6_45"},{"key":"2119_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwa, A.S., Kamal, K., Ghany, A., Elmahdy, H.: Human ear recognition using geometrical features extraction. Procedia Computer Science, 65(Supplement C):529 \u2013 537. International Conference on Communications, management, and Information technology (ICCMIT\u20192015) (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.09.126"},{"key":"2119_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emersic, Z., Peer, P.: Toolbox for ear biometric recognition evaluation. In: IEEE EUROCON 2015 - International Conference on Computer as a Tool (EUROCON), 1\u20136 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2015.7313758"},{"key":"2119_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.10.007","volume":"118","author":"M Hassaballah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassaballah, M., Alshazly, H.A., Ali, A.A.: Ear recognition using local binary patterns: A comparative experimental study. Expert Syst. Appl. 118, 182\u2013200 (2019)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"2119_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birajadar, P., Haria, M., Sangodkar, S.\u00a0G., Gadre, V.: Unconstrained ear recognition using deep scattering wavelet network. In: 2019 IEEE Bombay Section Signature Conference (IBSSC), 1\u20136. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/IBSSC47189.2019.8973055"},{"issue":"41","key":"2119_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09456-7","volume":"79","author":"M Hassaballah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassaballah, M., Alshazly, H., Ali, A.A.: Robust local oriented patterns for ear recognition. Multimedia Tools Appl. 79(41), 31183\u2013204 (2020)","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"2119_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113639","volume":"159","author":"S Sajadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sajadi, S., Fathi, A.: Genetic algorithm based local and global spectral features extraction for ear recognition. Expert Syst. Appl. 159, 113639 (2020)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"2119_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE 2278\u20132324 (1998)","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"2119_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Gkioxari, G., Doll\u00e1r, P., Girshick, R.: Mask r-cnn. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 2980\u20132988 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"2119_CR62","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Computer Vision - ECCV","author":"W Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.-Y., Berg, A.C.: Ssd: Single shot multibox detector. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) Computer Vision - ECCV, pp. 21\u201337. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)"},{"key":"2119_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najibi, M., Samangouei, P., Chellappa, R., Davis, L.\u00a0S.: Ssh: Single stage headless face detector. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp 4885\u20134894 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.522"},{"key":"2119_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 770\u2013778 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"2119_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroff, F., Kalenichenko, D., Philbin, J.: Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition 815\u2013823 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298682"},{"issue":"4","key":"2119_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9040053","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Mu, Z.: Ear detection under uncontrolled conditions with multiple scale faster region-based convolutional neural networks. Symmetry 9(4), 23 (2017)","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2016.0002","volume":"6","author":"C Cintas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cintas, C., Quinto-S\u00e1nchez, M., Acu\u00f1a, V., Paschetta, C., de Azevedo, S., de Cerqueira, C.C.S., Ramallo, V., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Bortolini, M.C., Canizales-Quinteros, S., Rothhammer, F., Bedoya, G., Ruiz-Linares, A., Gonzalez-Jos\u00e9, R., Delrieux, C.: Automatic ear detection and feature extraction using geometric morphometrics and convolutional neural networks. IET Biometrics 6(3), 211\u2013223 (2017)","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2017.0240","volume":"7","author":"Z Emersic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Emersic, Z., Gabriel, L.L., Struc, V., Peer, P.: Convolutional encoder-decoder networks for pixel-wise ear detection and segmentation. IET Biometrics 7(3), 175\u2013184 (2018)","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2119_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3390\/pr7070457","volume":"7","author":"W Raveane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raveane, W., Gald\u00e1mez, P.L., Gonz\u00e1lez Arrieta, M.A.: Ear detection and localization with convolutional neural networks in natural images and videos. Processes 7(7), 457 (2019)","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2119_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamboj, A., Rani, R., Nigam, A., Jha, R.R.: Ced-net: context-aware ear detection network for unconstrained images. Pattern Analysis and Applications 1\u201322 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-020-00914-4"},{"key":"2119_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, L., Mu, Z.: Ear recognition based on deep convolutional network. In: 2016 9th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), pp. 437\u2013441 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI.2016.7852751"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2017.0210","volume":"7","author":"EE Hansley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hansley, E.E., Segundo, M.P., Sarkar, S.: Employing fusion of learned and handcrafted features for unconstrained ear recognition. IET Biometrics 7(3), 215\u2013223 (2018)","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"2119_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emersic, Z., Stepec, D., Struc, V., Peer, P.: Training convolutional neural networks with limited training data for ear recognition in the wild. In: 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), pp. 987\u2013994 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.123"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2017.0176","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Mu, Z., Yuan, L., Yu, C.: Ear verification under uncontrolled conditions with convolutional neural networks. IET Biometrics 7(3), 185\u2013198 (2018)","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"2119_CR75","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Deep Ear Recognition Pipeline","author":"\u017d Emer\u0161i\u010d","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emer\u0161i\u010d, \u017d, Kri\u017eaj, J., \u0160truc, V., Peer, P.: Deep Ear Recognition Pipeline, pp. 333\u2013362. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2019)"},{"key":"2119_CR76","unstructured":"Priyadharshini, R.A., Arivazhagan, S., Arun, M.: A deep learning approach for person identification using ear biometrics. Applied Intelligence 1\u201312 (2020)"},{"key":"2119_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160tepec, D., Emer\u0161i\u010d, \u017d., Peer, P., \u0160truc, V.: Constellation-Based Deep Ear Recognition (pp. 161\u2013190). Springer International Publishing: Cham (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32583-1_8"},{"key":"2119_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radhika, K., Devika, K., Aswathi, T., Sreevidya, P., Sowmya, V., Soman, K.: Performance analysis of nasnet on unconstrained ear recognition. In: Nature Inspired Computing for Data Science (pp. 57\u201382). Springer, Berlin (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33820-6_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"2119_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5197","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5197","volume":"32","author":"II Ganapathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganapathi, I.I., Prakash, S., Dave, I.R., Bakshi, S.: Unconstrained ear detection using ensemble-based convolutional neural network model. Concurr. Comput: Pract. Experience 32(1), e5197 (2020)","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput: Pract. Experience"},{"issue":"12","key":"2119_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11121493","volume":"11","author":"H Alshazly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alshazly, H., Linse, C., Barth, E., Martinetz, T.: Handcrafted versus cnn features for ear recognition. Symmetry 11(12), 1493 (2019)","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR81","first-page":"7423","volume":"29","author":"AS Mustafa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mustafa, A.S., Abdulelah, A.J., Ahmed, K.A.: Multimodal biometric system iris and fingerprint recognition based on fusion technique. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 29(3), 7423\u20137432 (2020)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2119_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.57","volume":"27","author":"R Snelick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Snelick, R., Uludag, U., Mink, A., Indovina, M., Jain, A.: Large-scale evaluation of multimodal biometric authentication using state-of-the-art systems. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27(3), 450\u2013455 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"2119_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2938727","volume":"49","author":"G Jaswal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaswal, G., Kaul, A., Nath, R.: Knuckle print biometrics and fusion schemes-overview, challenges, and solutions. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 49(2), 1\u201346 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"2119_CR84","first-page":"102","volume-title":"A SIFT-Based Feature Level Fusion of Iris and Ear Biometrics","author":"L Ghoualmi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghoualmi, L., Chikhi, S., Draa, A.: A SIFT-Based Feature Level Fusion of Iris and Ear Biometrics, pp. 102\u2013112. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2015)"},{"key":"2119_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathore, R., Prakash, S., Gupta, P.: Efficient human recognition system using ear and profile face. In: 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 1\u20136 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2013.6712755"},{"issue":"4","key":"2119_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2014.12.011","volume":"28","author":"G Amirthalingam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amirthalingam, G., Radhamani, G.: New chaff point based fuzzy vault for multimodal biometric cryptosystem using particle swarm optimization. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci 28(4), 381\u2013394 (2016)","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2119_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2016.0072","volume":"6","author":"N Hezil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hezil, N., Boukrouche, A.: Multimodal biometric recognition using human ear and palmprint. IET Biometrics 6(5), 351\u2013359 (2017)","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"2119_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A.\u00a0M., Chandralekha, A., Himaja, Y., Sai, S.M.: Local binary pattern based multimodal biometric recognition using ear and fkp with feature level fusion. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Techniques in Control, Optimization and Signal Processing (INCOS), pp.1\u20135. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/INCOS45849.2019.8951348"},{"key":"2119_CR89","unstructured":"Zibran, M.F.: Biometric authentication: The security issues. University of Saskatchewan (2012)"},{"key":"2119_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2014.2381273","volume":"2","author":"J Galbally","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galbally, J., Marcel, S., Fierrez, J.: Biometric antispoofing methods: A survey in face recognition. IEEE Access 2, 1530\u20131552 (2014b)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2119_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6524-8","volume-title":"Handbook of biometric anti-spoofing,","author":"S Marcel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marcel, S., Nixon, M.S., Li, S.Z.: Handbook of biometric anti-spoofing, vol. 1. Springer, Berlin (2014)"},{"key":"2119_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galbally, J., Fierrez, J., Ortega-Garcia, J., Cappelli, R.: Fingerprint anti-spoofing in biometric systems. In: Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing pp. 35\u201364. Springer, Berlin (2014a)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6524-8_3"},{"key":"2119_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z.,Tan, T.: Iris anti-spoofing. In: Handbook of biometric anti-spoofing (pp. 103\u2013123). Springer: Berlin (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6524-8_6"},{"key":"2119_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, J., Pacut, A.: An ear anti-spoofing database with various attacks. In: 2018 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2018.8585637"},{"issue":"2","key":"2119_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-019-01570-w","volume":"14","author":"\u0130 Toprak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toprak, \u0130, Toygar, \u00d6.: Ear anti-spoofing against print attacks using three-level fusion of image quality measures. SIViP 14(2), 417\u2013424 (2020)","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"key":"2119_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepas-Moghaddam, A., Pereira, F., Correia, P.\u00a0L.: Ear presentation attack detection: Benchmarking study with first lenslet light field database. In: 2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), pages 2355\u20132359. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO.2018.8553302"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2119_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0090-8","volume":"77","author":"BC Russell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Russell, B.C., Torralba, A., Murphy, K.P., Freeman, W.T.: Labelme: a database and web-based tool for image annotation. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 77(1\u20133), 157\u2013173 (2008)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02119-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02119-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02119-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T08:18:47Z","timestamp":1744186727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02119-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02119-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2789","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}