{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:37:03Z","timestamp":1762522623647,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02252-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T06:02:58Z","timestamp":1628143378000},"page":"3077-3092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A history of crowd simulation: the past, evolution, and new perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3278-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia Raupp","family":"Musse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vinicius Jurinic","family":"Cassol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Thalmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2252_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amirian, J., van Toll, W., Hayet, J.B., Pettr\u00e9, J.: Data-driven crowd simulation with generative adversarial networks. In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents, CASA \u201919, p. 7\u201310. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328756.3328769","DOI":"10.1145\/3328756.3328769"},{"key":"2252_CR2","unstructured":"Anderson, M., McDaniel, E., Chenney, S.: Constrained animation of flocks. In: Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation (SCA\u201903), pp. 286\u2013297 (2003)"},{"key":"2252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69736-7_61","volume-title":"Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment","author":"MABM Azahar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Azahar, M.A.B.M., Sunar, M.S., Daman, D., Bade, A.: Survey on real-time crowds simulation. In: Pan, Z., Zhang, X., El Rhalibi, A., Woo, W., Li, Y. (eds.) Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment, pp. 573\u2013580. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2008)"},{"key":"2252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-019-01647-0","volume":"36","author":"S Bansod","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bansod, S., Nandedkar, A.: Crowd anomaly detection and localization using histogram of magnitude and momentum. Visual Comput. 36, 609\u2013620 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-019-01647-0","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"2252_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2018.02.004","author":"A Ba\u015fak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ba\u015fak, A., Gudukbay, U., Durupinar, F.: Using real life incidents for realistic virtual crowds with data-driven emotion contagion. Comput. Graph. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2018.02.004","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2018.02.004","volume":"72","author":"AE Ba\u015fak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ba\u015fak, A.E., G\u00fcd\u00fckbay, U., Durup\u0131nar, F.: Using real life incidents for creating realistic virtual crowds with data-driven emotion contagion. Comput. Graph. 72, 70\u201381 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2018.02.004","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bera, A., Kim, S., Manocha, D.: Efficient trajectory extraction and parameter learning for data-driven crowd simulation. In: Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2015, GI 2015, pp. 65\u201372. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20380\/GI2015.09","DOI":"10.20380\/GI2015.09"},{"key":"2252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19457-3_1","volume":"70","author":"J van den Berg","year":"2011","unstructured":"van den Berg, J., Guy, S., Lin, M., Manocha, D.: Reciprocal n-body collision avoidance. Springer Tracts Adv. Robot. 70, 3\u201319 (2011)","journal-title":"Springer Tracts Adv. Robot."},{"key":"2252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berseth, G., Kapadia, M., Faloutsos, P.: Steerplex: Estimating scenario complexity for simulated crowds. In: International Conference of Motion on Games, pp. 45:67\u201345:76. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2522628.2522650"},{"key":"2252_CR10","unstructured":"Berseth, G., Kapadia, M., Haworth, B., Faloutsos, P.: Steerfit: Automated parameter fitting for steering algorithms. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA \u201914, p. 113\u2013122. Eurographics Association, Goslar, DEU (2015)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2011.12.004","volume":"36","author":"AL Bicho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bicho, A.L., Rodrigues, R.A., Musse, S.R., Jung, C.R., Paravisi, M., Magalh, L.P.: Simulating crowds based on a space colonization algorithm. Comput. Graph. 36(2), 70\u201379 (2012)","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges Fortes Neto, A., Pelachaud, C., Musse, S.R.: Giving emotional contagion ability to virtual agents in crowds. In: Beskow, J., Peters, C., Castellano, G., O\u2019Sullivan, C., Leite, I., Kopp, S. (eds.) Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 63\u201372. Springer, Cham (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67401-8_7"},{"key":"2252_CR13","unstructured":"Bosse, T., Hoogendoorn, M., Klein, M.C.A., Treur, J., van der Wal, C.N.: Agent-based analysis of patterns in crowd behaviour involving contagion of mental states. In: K.G. Mehrotra, C.K. Mohan, J.C. Oh, P.K. Varshney, M. Ali (eds.) Modern Approaches in Applied Intelligence: 24th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems, IEA\/AIE 2011, Syracuse, NY, USA, June 28 \u2013 July 1, 2011, Proceedings, Part II, p. 677. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2011)"},{"key":"2252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, A., Musse, S.R., Oliveira, L.P.L.d., Bodmann, B.E.J.: Modeling individual behaviors in crowd simulation. In: International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA), p. 143 (2003)","DOI":"10.1109\/CASA.2003.1199317"},{"key":"2252_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65202-3","volume-title":"Simulating Crowds in Egress Scenarios","author":"VJ Cassol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cassol, V.J., Musse, S.R., Jung, C.R., Badler, N.I.: Simulating Crowds in Egress Scenarios. Springer, London (2017)"},{"key":"2252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16958-8_4","volume-title":"Motion in Games","author":"P Charalambous","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charalambous, P., Chrysanthou, Y.: Learning crowd steering behaviors from examples. In: Boulic, R., Chrysanthou, Y., Komura, T. (eds.) Motion in Games, p. 35. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2010)"},{"key":"2252_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charrier, R., Philippe, J., Bertelle, C.: Study of a model of nervousness propagation within virtual crowds. In: Prendinger, H., Lester, J., Ishizuka, M. (eds.) Complex Systems, Smart Territories and Mobility, pp. 187\u2013200. Springer, Cham (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-59302-5_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59302-5_10"},{"key":"2252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85483-8_37","volume-title":"Intelligent Virtual Agents","author":"K Cho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cho, K., Iketani, N., Kikuchi, M., Nishimura, K., Hayashi, H., Hattori, M.: Bdi model-based crowd simulation. In: Prendinger, H., Lester, J., Ishizuka, M. (eds.) Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 364\u2013371. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2008)"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2252_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.199","volume":"18","author":"N Courty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Courty, N., Corpetti, T.: Crowd motion capture. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 18(4\u20135), 361\u2013370 (2007)","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"2252_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"da Silva Antonitsch, A., Musse, S.R., de Figueiredo, L.H.: Towards a legion of virtual humans: Steering behaviors and organic visualization. In: 2020 33rd SIBGRAPI Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), pp. 31\u201338 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SIBGRAPI51738.2020.00013","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBGRAPI51738.2020.00013"},{"key":"2252_CR21","volume-title":"Advances in Computer Graphics","author":"A Da Silva Antonitsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Da Silva Antonitsch, A., Schaffer, D.H.M., Rockenbach, G.W., Knob, P., Musse, S.R.: Bioclouds: a multi-level model to simulate and visualize large crowds. In: Gavrilova, M., Chang, J., Thalmann, N.M., Hitzer, E., Ishikawa, H. (eds.) Advances in Computer Graphics. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2019)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2996202","volume":"15","author":"CM Dal Bianco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dal Bianco, C.M., Braun, A., Brasil, J., Musse, S.R.: Preserving the motion features in nonavoiding collision crowds. Comput. Entertan. 15(3), 1\u201315 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Entertan."},{"key":"2252_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0365-0","author":"P Dickinson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dickinson, P., Gerling, K., Hicks, K., Murray, J., Shearer, J., Greenwood, J.: Virtual reality crowd simulation: effects of agent density on user experience and behaviour. Virtual Reality (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0365-0","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"2252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dihl, L., Testa, E.S., Knob, P., da Silva, G.L.B., Favaretto, R.M., de Alc\u00e2ntara, M.F., Musse, S.R.: Generating cultural characters based on hofstede dimensions. In: 2017 IEEE Virtual Humans and Crowds for Immersive Environments (VHCIE), pp. 1\u20135 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VHCIE.2017.7935621","DOI":"10.1109\/VHCIE.2017.7935621"},{"key":"2252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dijkstra, E.W.: A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1(1), 269\u2013271 (1959). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01386390","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390"},{"issue":"3","key":"2252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.105","volume":"31","author":"F Durupinar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durupinar, F., Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J., G\u00fcd\u00fckbay, U., Badler, N.I.: How the ocean personality model affects the perception of crowds. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 31(3), 22\u201331 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCG.2009.105","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"issue":"9","key":"2252_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2501801","volume":"22","author":"F Durup\u0131nar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Durup\u0131nar, F., G\u00fcd\u00fckbay, U., Aman, A., Badler, N.I.: Psychological parameters for crowd simulation: from audiences to mobs. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 22(9), 2145\u20132159 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2501801","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR28","unstructured":"Dutra, T., Priem, G., Cavalcante-Neto, J., Vidal, C., Pettre, J.: Synthetic vision-based crowd simulation: Reactive vs. reactive planning approaches. In: Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents, pp. 1\u20134 (2014)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR29","first-page":"69","volume":"14","author":"N Farenc","year":"2000","unstructured":"Farenc, N., Raupp Musse, S., Schweiss, E., Kallmann, M., Aune, O., Boulic, R., Thalmann, D.: A paradigm for controlling virtual humans in urban environment simulations. Appl. Art. Intell. J. Special Issue Intell. Virtual Environ. 14(1), 69\u201391 (2000)","journal-title":"Appl. Art. Intell. J. Special Issue Intell. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"2252_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favaretto, R., Dihl, L., Barreto, R., Musse, S.R.: Using group behaviors to detect hofstede cultural dimensions. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7532897"},{"issue":"11","key":"2252_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.317","volume":"19","author":"M Flagg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flagg, M., Rehg, J.M.: Video-based crowd synthesis. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 19(11), 1935\u20131947 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2012.317","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89220-5_2","volume-title":"Motion in Games","author":"R Geraerts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geraerts, R., Kamphuis, A., Karamouzas, I., Overmars, M.: Using the corridor map method for path planning for a large number of characters. In: Egges, A., Kamphuis, A., Overmars, M. (eds.) Motion in Games, pp. 11\u201322. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2008)"},{"key":"2252_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.293","author":"H Grillon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grillon, H., Thalmann, D.: Simulating gaze attention behaviors for crowds. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cav.293","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"2252_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helbing, D., Farkas, I., Vicsek, T.: Simulating dynamical features of escape panic (2000). http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v407\/n6803\/","DOI":"10.1038\/35035023"},{"key":"2252_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.51.4282","volume":"51","author":"D Helbing","year":"1995","unstructured":"Helbing, D., Molnar, P.: Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys. Rev. E 51, 42\u201382 (1995)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2252_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo, E., Armero-Mart\u00e1nez, A.: How human mobility models can help to deal with covid-19. Electronics 10(1), 33 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10010033. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/10\/1\/33","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10010033"},{"key":"2252_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ho, R.C., Wong, S.K., Chou, Y.H., Lin, G.W., Tsai, T.Y., Huang, P.H., Wang, Y.S., Yeh, I.C.: An authoring framework for time dependent crowd simulation. In: SIGGRAPH ASIA 2016 Posters, SA\u201916. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3005274.3005278","DOI":"10.1145\/3005274.3005278"},{"issue":"3","key":"2252_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2874050","volume":"26","author":"W Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, W., Terzopoulos, D.: Door and doorway etiquette for virtual humans. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 26(3), 1502\u20131517 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2874050","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, Z.M., Chen, W.N., Li, Q., Luo, X.N., Yuan, H.Q., Zhang, J.: Ant colony evacuation planner: An ant colony system with incremental flow assignment for multipath crowd evacuation. IEEE Trans Cybern, pp. 1\u201314 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCYB.2020.3013271","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.3013271"},{"key":"2252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H.Y., S., Shivakumar, G., Mohana, H.S.: Crowd behavior analysis: A survey. In: 2017 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technology (ICRAECT), pp. 169\u2013178 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRAECT.2017.66","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAECT.2017.66"},{"key":"2252_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H\u00fcrst, W., Geraerts, R.: Augmented and virtual reality interfaces for crowd simulation software-a position statement for research on use-case-dependent interaction. In: 2019 IEEE Virtual Humans and Crowds for Immersive Environments (VHCIE), pp. 1\u20133 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VHCIE.2019.8714733","DOI":"10.1109\/VHCIE.2019.8714733"},{"key":"2252_CR42","unstructured":"Ijaz, K., Sohail, S., Hashish, S.: A survey of latest approaches for crowd simulation and modeling using hybrid techniques. In: Proceedings of the 2015 17th UKSIM-AMSS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation (2015)"},{"key":"2252_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1145\/1882261.1866162","volume":"29","author":"E Ju","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ju, E., Choi, M.G., Park, M., Lee, J., Lee, K.H., Takahashi, S.: Morphable crowds. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 6 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1882261.1866162","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapadia;, U.L.M.Z..F.: A social distancing index: Evaluating navigational policies on human proximity using crowd simulations. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Conference - Motion in Games, p. 1 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3424636.3426905"},{"key":"2252_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10347-6_4","volume-title":"Motion in Games","author":"I Karamouzas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karamouzas, I., Heil, P., van Beek, P., Overmars, M.H.: A predictive collision avoidance model for pedestrian simulation. In: Egges, A., Geraerts, R., Overmars, M. (eds.) Motion in Games, pp. 41\u201352. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2252_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.133","volume":"18","author":"I Karamouzas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karamouzas, I., Overmars, M.: Simulating and evaluating the local behavior of small pedestrian groups. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 18(3), 394\u2013406 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2011.133","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR47","first-page":"290","volume":"5","author":"P Kielar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kielar, P., Borrmann, A.: An artificial neural network framework for pedestrian walking behavior modeling and simulation. Collect. Dynam. 5, 290\u2013298 (2020)","journal-title":"Collect. Dynam."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2252_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1963","volume":"31","author":"A Koilias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koilias, A., Mousas, C., Anagnostopoulos, C.N.: I feel a moving crowd surrounds me: exploring tactile feedback during immersive walking in a virtual crowd. Comput. Anim. Virtual Worlds 31(4\u20135), 1963 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cav.1963","journal-title":"Comput. Anim. Virtual Worlds"},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-020-01969-4","volume":"37","author":"M Kremer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kremer, M., Haworth, B., Kapadia, M., Faloutsos, P.: Modelling distracted agents in crowd simulations. Visual Comput. 37(1), 1432\u20132315 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-020-01969-4","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"2252_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krontiris, A., Bekris, K.E., Kapadia, M.: Acumen: Activity-centric crowd authoring using influence maps. In: 29th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA) Geneva, Switzerland (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2915926.2915935"},{"key":"2252_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyriakou, M., Chrysanthou, Y.: How responsiveness, group membership and gender affect the feeling of presence in immersive virtual environments populated with virtual crowds. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Motion, Interaction, and Games, MIG \u201918, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274247.3274509","DOI":"10.1145\/3274247.3274509"},{"key":"2252_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lai, Y.C., Chenney, S., Fan, S.: Group motion graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA\u201905, p. 281\u2013290. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1073368.1073409","DOI":"10.1145\/1073368.1073409"},{"issue":"3","key":"2252_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2004.00782.x","volume":"23","author":"F Lamarche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lamarche, F., Donikian, S.: Crowd of virtual humans: a new approach for real time navigation in complex and structured environments. Comput. Graphics Forum 23(3), 509\u2013518 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2004.00782.x","journal-title":"Comput. Graphics Forum"},{"issue":"5","key":"2252_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2899250","volume":"25","author":"ME Latoschik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Latoschik, M.E., Kern, F., Stauffert, J.P., Bartl, A., Botsch, M., Lugrin, J.L.: Not alone here?! scalability and user experience of embodied ambient crowds in distributed social virtual reality. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 25(5), 2134\u20132144 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2899250","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR55","unstructured":"Lee, K.H., Choi, M.G., Hong, Q., Lee, J.: Group behavior from video: A data-driven approach to crowd simulation. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA \u201907, pp. 109\u2013118. Eurographics Association, Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland, Switzerland (2007). http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1272690.1272706"},{"issue":"3","key":"2252_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2007.01089.x","volume":"26","author":"A Lerner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lerner, A., Chrysanthou, Y., Lischinski, D.: Crowds by example. Comput. Graph. Forum 26(3), 655\u2013664 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2007.01089.x","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"2252_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25090-3_12","volume-title":"Motion in Games","author":"W Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, W., Allbeck, J.M.: Populations with purpose. In: Allbeck, J.M., Faloutsos, P. (eds.) Motion in Games, pp. 132\u2013143. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2011)"},{"key":"2252_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2985284","volume":"29","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, X., Chen, M., Wang, Q.: Quantifying and detecting collective motion in crowd scenes. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 29, 5571\u20135583 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2020.2985284","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"2252_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102150","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y., Lu, C., Jin, J.: Simulation of a pediatric hospital in evacuation considering groups. Simul. Modell. Prac. Theory (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102150","journal-title":"Simul. Modell. Prac. Theory"},{"key":"2252_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, W., Pavlovic, V., Hu, K., Faloutsos, P., Yoon, S., Kapadia, M.: Characterizing the relationship between environment layout and crowd movement using machine learning. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Motion in Games, MIG \u201917, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3136457.3136474","DOI":"10.1145\/3136457.3136474"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2252_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1965","volume":"31","author":"WY Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, W.Y., Wong, S.K., Chen, C.Y.: A natural language interface with casual users for crowd animation. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 31(4\u20135), 1965 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cav.1965","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"2252_CR62","unstructured":"Loscos, C., Marchal, D., A.Meyer: Intuitive crowd behavior in dense urban environments using local laws. In: Proc. Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics (TPCG\u201903), pp. \u2013 (2003)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2252_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.129","volume":"29","author":"J Maim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maim, J., Yersin, B., Thalmann, D.: Unique character instances for crowds. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 29(6), 82\u201390 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCG.2009.129","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13585","volume":"38","author":"CDT Mathew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathew, C.D.T., Knob, P.R., Musse, S.R., Aliaga, D.G.: Urban walkability design using virtual population simulation. Comput. Graph. Forum 38(1), 455\u2013469 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.13585","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"2252_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101687","author":"F Mirahadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirahadi, F., McCabe, B.Y.: Evacusafe: a real-time model for building evacuation based on dijkstra\u2019s algorithm. J. Build. Eng. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101687","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2252_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010047","volume":"5","author":"M Moussa\u00efd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moussa\u00efd, M., Perozo, N., Garnier, S., Helbing, D., Theraulaz, G.: The walking behaviour of pedestrian social groups and its impact on crowd dynamics. Plos One 5(4), 1\u20137 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0010047","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"2252_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0414","author":"M Moussa\u00efd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moussa\u00efd, M., Kapadia, M., Thrash, T., Sumner, R.W., Gross, M., Helbing, D., H\u00f6lscher, C.: Crowd behaviour during high-stress evacuations in an immersive virtual environment. J. Royal Soc. Interf. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2016.0414","journal-title":"J. Royal Soc. Interf."},{"issue":"2","key":"2252_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.163","volume":"18","author":"S Musse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Musse, S., Jung, C., Jacques, J.C.S., Braun, A.: Using computer vision to simulate the motion of virtual agents: research articles. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 18(2), 83\u201393 (2007)","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"2252_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musse, S., Thalmann, D.: A model of human crowd behavior: Group inter-relationship and collision detection analysis, pp. 39\u201351 (1997)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6874-5_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1423","volume":"23","author":"SR Musse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Musse, S.R., Cassol, V.J., Jung, C.R.: Towards a quantitative approach for comparing crowds. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 23(1), 49\u201357 (2012)","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"issue":"2","key":"2252_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.928167","volume":"7","author":"SR Musse","year":"2001","unstructured":"Musse, S.R., Thalmann, D.: Hierarchical model for real time simulation of virtual human crowds. IEEE Transac. Visual. Comput. Graph. 7(2), 152\u2013164 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Transac. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narain, R., Golas, A., Curtis, S., Lin, M.C.: Aggregate dynamics for dense crowd simulation. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 Papers, pp. 122:1\u2013122:8 (2009)","DOI":"10.1145\/1661412.1618468"},{"key":"2252_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nasir, F.M., Sunar, M.S.: A survey on simulating real-time crowd simulation. In: 2015 4th International Conference on Interactive Digital Media (ICIDM), pp. 1\u20135 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IDM.2015.7516327","DOI":"10.1109\/IDM.2015.7516327"},{"key":"2252_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okaya, M., Takahashi, T.: Human relationship modeling in agent-based crowd evacuation simulation. In: D. Kinny, J.Y.j. Hsu, G. Governatori, A.K. Ghose (eds.) Agents in Principle, Agents in Practice. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25044-6_40"},{"key":"2252_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778860","author":"J Ond\u0159ej","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ond\u0159ej, J., Pettr\u00e9, J., Olivier, A.H., Donikian, S.: A synthetic-vision based steering approach for crowd simulation. ACM Trans. Graph. (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1778765.1778860","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"issue":"2","key":"2252_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2009.12.004","volume":"34","author":"O O\u011fuz","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u011fuz, O., Akayd\u0131n, A., Y\u0131lmaz, T., G\u00fcd\u00fckbay, U.: Emergency crowd simulation for outdoor environments. Comput. Graph. 34(2), 136\u2013144 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2009.12.004","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paris, S., Gerdelan, A., O\u2019Sullivan, C.: CA-LOD: collision avoidance level of detail for scalable, controllable crowds. In: Motion in Games, Second International Workshop, MIG, 2009, pp. 13\u201328. Zeist,The Netherlands, November 21-24, 2009. Proceedings ((2009))","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10347-6_2"},{"key":"2252_CR78","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J.M., Badler, N.I.: Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA \u201907, p. 99\u2013108. Eurographics Association, Goslar, DEU (2007)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"N Pelechano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J.M., Badler, N.I.: Virtual crowds: methods, simulation, and control. Synth. Lect. Comput. Graph. Animat. 3(1), 1\u2013176 (2008)","journal-title":"Synth. Lect. Comput. Graph. Animat."},{"key":"2252_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., Allbecky, J.M.: Feeling crowded yet?: crowd simulations for vr. In: 2016 IEEE Virtual Humans and Crowds for Immersive Environments (VHCIE), pp. 17\u201321 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VHCIE.2016.7563568","DOI":"10.1109\/VHCIE.2016.7563568"},{"issue":"6","key":"2252_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2006.133","volume":"26","author":"N Pelechano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., Badler, N.I.: Modeling crowd and trained leader behavior during building evacuation. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 26(6), 80\u201386 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCG.2006.133","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"2252_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelechano, N., O\u2019brien, K., Silverman, B., Badler, N.: Crowd simulation incorporating agent psychological models, roles and communication. In: V-Crowds, vol. 43, pp. 21\u201330 (2005)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA522128"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2252_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.147","volume":"17","author":"J Pettre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pettre, J., Ciechomski, P.H., Maim, J., Yersin, B., Laumond, J.P., Thalmann, D.: Real-time navigating crowds: scalable simulation and rendering. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 17(3\u20134), 445\u2013455 (2006)","journal-title":"Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"2252_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ravichandran, N.B., Yang, F., Peters, C., Lansner, A., Herman, P.: Pedestrian simulation as multi-objective reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA \u201918, p. 307\u2013312. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3267851.3267914","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267914"},{"key":"2252_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren, J., Xiang, W., Xiao, Y., Yang, R., Manocha, D., Jin, X.: Heter-sim: Heterogeneous multi-agent systems simulation by interactive data-driven optimization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics p. 1 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2946769","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2946769"},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.4340010106","volume":"1","author":"O Renault","year":"1990","unstructured":"Renault, O., Thalmann, N.M., Thalmann, D.: A vision-based approach to behavioural animation. J. Visual. Comput. Anim. 1(1), 18\u201321 (1990). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vis.4340010106","journal-title":"J. Visual. Comput. Anim."},{"key":"2252_CR87","unstructured":"Reynolds, C.: Steering behaviors for autonomous characters. In: Proceedings of Game Developers Conference 1999. Miller Freeman Game Group (1999)"},{"key":"2252_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, C.W.: Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH \u201987, pp. 25\u201334 (1987)","DOI":"10.1145\/37401.37406"},{"key":"2252_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, R.A., de Lima Bicho, A., Paravisi, M., Jung, C.R., Magalh\u00e3es, L.P., Musse, S.R.: Tree paths: A new model for steering behaviors. In: Ruttkay, Z., Kipp, M., Nijholt, A., Vilhjalmsson H.H. (eds.) Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 358\u2013371. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04380-2_39"},{"key":"2252_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2015.01.007","volume":"41","author":"SAM Saleh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saleh, S.A.M., Suandi, S.A., Ibrahim, H.: Recent survey on crowd density estimation and counting for visual surveillance. Eng. Appl. Art. Intell. 41, 103\u2013114 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2015.01.007","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Art. Intell."},{"key":"2252_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaffer, D., Neto, A.B., Antonitsch, A., Musse, S.R.: Towards animating virtual humans in flooded environments. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Conference - Motion in Games, p. 1 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3424636.3426900"},{"key":"2252_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi, X., Xue, S., Feliciani, C., Shiwakoti, N., Lin, J., Li, D., Ye, Z.: Verifying the applicability of a pedestrian simulation model to reproduce the effect of exit design on egress flow under normal and emergency conditions. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 562, 125,347 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physa.2020.125347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2020.125347"},{"key":"2252_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shoulson, A., Marshak, N., Kapadia, M., Badler, N.I.: Adapt: The agent development and prototyping testbed. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games, I3D \u201913, p. 9\u201318. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2448196.2448198","DOI":"10.1145\/2448196.2448198"},{"issue":"7","key":"2252_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2545670","volume":"23","author":"SA St\u00fcvel","year":"2017","unstructured":"St\u00fcvel, S.A., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D., Stappen, A.F., Egges, A.: Torso crowds. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 23(7), 1823\u20131837 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2545670","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2252_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2020.3008774","author":"J Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, J., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Yi, X., Liang, Y., Zheng, Y.: Predicting citywide crowd flows in irregular regions using multi-view graph convolutional networks. IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TKDE.2020.3008774","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng."},{"key":"2252_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sung, M., Kovar, L., Gleicher, M.: Fast and accurate goal-directed motion synthesis for crowds. In: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA \u201905, p. 291\u2013300. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1073368.1073410","DOI":"10.1145\/1073368.1073410"},{"key":"2252_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-019-01684-9","volume":"35","author":"E Testa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Testa, E., Barros, R.C., Musse, S.: Crowdest: a method for estimating (and not simulating) crowd evacuation parameters in generic environments. Visual Comput. 35, 1119\u20131130 (2019)","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"2252_CR98","volume-title":"Crowd Simulation","author":"D Thalmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thalmann, D., Musse, S.R.: Crowd Simulation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2007)"},{"key":"2252_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Treuille, A., Cooper, S., Popovi\u0107, Z.: Continuum crowds. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, SIGGRAPH \u201906, p. 1160\u20131168. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1179352.1142008","DOI":"10.1145\/1179352.1142008"},{"key":"2252_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tripathi, G., Singh, K., Vishwakarma, D.K.: Crowd emotion analysis using 2d convnets. In: 2020 Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), pp. 969\u2013974 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214208","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214208"},{"key":"2252_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, X., Terzopoulos, D.: Artificial fishes: Physics, locomotion, perception, behavior. In: Proc. SIGGRAPH \u201994, pp. 43\u201350 (1994)","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192170"},{"key":"2252_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volonte, M., Hsu, Y., Liu, K., Mazer, J.P., Wong, S., Babu, S.V.: Effects of interacting with a crowd of emotional virtual humans on users\u2019 affective and non-verbal behaviors. In: 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 293\u2013302 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00049","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00049"},{"issue":"2","key":"2252_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12328","volume":"33","author":"D Wolinski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolinski, D., Guy, J.S., Olivier, A.H., Lin, M., Manocha, D., Pettre, J.: Parameter estimation and comparative evaluation of crowd simulations. Comput. Graph. Forum 33(2), 303\u2013312 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.12328","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"2252_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89220-5_5","volume-title":"Motion in Games","author":"KY Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong, K.Y., Loscos, C.: Hierarchical path planning for virtual crowds. In: Egges, A., Kamphuis, A., Overmars, M. (eds.) Motion in Games, pp. 43\u201350. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2008)"},{"key":"2252_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s41095-017-0081-9","volume":"3","author":"S Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, S., Wang, Y.S., Tang, P.K., Tsai, T.: Optimized evacuation route based on crowd simulation. Comput. Visual Media 3, 243\u2013261 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Visual Media"},{"key":"2252_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.105029","author":"W Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, W., Lee, E.W.M., Li, T., Shi, M., Cao, R., Zhang, Y.: A study of group effects in pedestrian crowd evacuation: experiments, modelling and simulation. Safety Sci. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.105029","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"2252_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3000607","author":"M Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, M., Li, C., Lv, P., Chen, W., Deng, Z., Zhou, B., Manocha, D.: Emotion-based crowd simulation model based on physical strength consumption for emergency scenarios. IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2020.3000607","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst."},{"key":"2252_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, F., Shabo, J., Qureshi, A., Peters, C.: Do you see groups? the impact of crowd density and viewpoint on the perception of groups. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA \u201918, p. 313\u2013318. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3267851.3267877","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267877"},{"issue":"10","key":"2252_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-008-0286-0","volume":"24","author":"B Yersin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yersin, B., Ma\u00efm, J., Morini, F., Thalmann, D.: Real-time crowd motion planning. Visual Comput. 24(10), 1432\u20132315 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-008-0286-0","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"2252_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-008-0132-4","volume":"19","author":"B Zhan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhan, B., Monekosso, D.N., Remagnino, P., Velastin, S.A., Xu, L.Q.: Crowd analysis: a survey. Mach. Vision Applicat. 19(5), 345\u2013357 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00138-008-0132-4","journal-title":"Mach. Vision Applicat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2252_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-013-0900-7","volume":"31","author":"P Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Liu, H., Ding, Y.: Crowd simulation based on constrained and controlled group formation. Visual Comput. 31(1), 1432\u20132315 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-013-0900-7","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"2252_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2020.08.075","volume":"90","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Jia, L.: Optimal guidance strategy for crowd evacuation with multiple exits: a hybrid multiscale modeling approach. Appl. Math. Modell. 90, 488\u2013504 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apm.2020.08.075","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Modell."},{"key":"2252_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Turner, S.J., Cai, W.: A data-driven crowd simulation model based on clustering and classification. In: 2013 IEEE\/ACM 17th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications, DS-RT \u201913, p. 125\u2013134. IEEE Computer Society, USA (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DS-RT.2013.21","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT.2013.21"},{"issue":"10","key":"2252_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2953357","volume":"21","author":"R Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Hu, Q., Liu, Q., Li, C., Dong, D., Ma, Y.: Panic propagation dynamics of high-density crowd based on information entropy and aw-rascle model. IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst. 21(10), 4425\u20134434 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2019.2953357","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Trans. Syst."},{"key":"2252_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Dong, H., Wang, X., Hu, X., Ge, S.: Modeling and simulation of crowd evacuation with signs at subway platform: A case study of beijing subway stations. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2020.3027542","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3027542"}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02252-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02252-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02252-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T02:59:36Z","timestamp":1744167576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02252-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02252-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0178-2789"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-2315"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}