{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T21:05:04Z","timestamp":1750712704624,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01IS18092-\u201cmdViPro\u201d","01IS19006-\u201cKI-LAB-ITSE\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01IS18092-\u201cmdViPro\u201d","01IS19006-\u201cKI-LAB-ITSE\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","award":["Research School on \u201cService Oriented Systems Engineering\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research School on \u201cService Oriented Systems Engineering\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various web-based image-editing tools and web-based collaborative tools exist in isolation. Research focusing to bridge the gap between these two domains is sparse. We respond to the above and develop prototype groupware for real-time collaborative editing of raster and vector images in a web browser. To better understand the requirements, we conduct a preliminary user study and establish communication and synchronization as key elements. The existing groupware for text documents or presentations handles the above through well-established techniques. However, those cannot be extended as it is for raster or vector graphics manipulation. To this end, we develop a document model that is maintained by a server and is delivered and synchronized to multiple clients. Our prototypical implementation is based on a scalable client\u2013server architecture: using WebGL for interactive browser-based rendering and WebSocket connections to maintain synchronization. We evaluate our work qualitatively through a post-deployment user study for three different scenarios. For quantitative evaluation, we perform a thorough performance measure on both client and server side, thereby identifying design recommendations for future concurrent image-editing software(s).\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-022-02522-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T04:02:36Z","timestamp":1655956956000},"page":"4057-4070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CERVI: collaborative editing of raster and vector images"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Bath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Egbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1553-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Semmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"D\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Trapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2522_CR1","unstructured":"Aggie io. https:\/\/aggie.io\/. Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"key":"2522_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bath, U., Shekhar, S., D\u00f6llner, J., Trapp, M.: Colier: Collaborative editing of raster images. International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW) , 33\u201340 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CW52790.2021.00013","DOI":"10.1109\/CW52790.2021.00013"},{"key":"2522_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925956","author":"C Calabrese","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calabrese, C., Salvati, G., Tarini, M., Pellacini, F.: Csculpt: a system for collaborative sculpting. ACM Trans. Graph. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2897824.2925956","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"2522_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chin, J.P., Diehl, V.A., Norman, K.L.: Development of an instrument measuring user satisfaction of the human-computer interface. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201988, p. 213-218. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (1988). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/57167.57203","DOI":"10.1145\/57167.57203"},{"key":"2522_CR5","unstructured":"Draw chat. https:\/\/draw.chat\/. Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"key":"2522_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u00fcrschmid, T., S\u00f6chting, M., Semmo, A., Trapp, M., D\u00f6llner, J.: Prosumerfx: Mobile design of image stylization components. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications, SA \u201917. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3132787.3139208","DOI":"10.1145\/3132787.3139208"},{"key":"2522_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, W.K.: Flexible conflict detection and management in collaborative applications. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST \u201997, p. 139-148. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (1997)","DOI":"10.1145\/263407.263533"},{"key":"2522_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, C.A., Gibbs, S.J.: Concurrency control in groupware systems. In: Proceedings of the 1989 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD \u201989, p. 399-407. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (1989)","DOI":"10.1145\/67544.66963"},{"issue":"4","key":"2522_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5242-4","volume":"77","author":"L Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao, L., Gao, D., Xiong, N., Lee, C.: Cowebdraw: a real-time collaborative graphical editing system supporting multi-clients based on html5. Multimed. Tools Appl. 77(4), 5067\u20135082 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-017-5242-4","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"2522_CR10","unstructured":"Google: Google documents. https:\/\/docs.google.com (2014). Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"key":"2522_CR11","unstructured":"Google draw. https:\/\/docs.google.com\/drawings. Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"issue":"1","key":"2522_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ivs.9500167","volume":"7","author":"J Heer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heer, J., Agrawala, M.: Design considerations for collaborative visual analytics. Inform. Vis. 7(1), 49\u201362 (2008)","journal-title":"Inform. Vis."},{"key":"2522_CR13","unstructured":"Isenberg, T.: Interactive npar: What type of tools should we create? In: Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Computational Aesthetics and Sketch Based Interfaces and Modeling and Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, Expressive \u201916, p. 89-96. Eurographics Association, Goslar, DEU (2016)"},{"key":"2522_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Juranek, L., Stastny, J., Skorpil, V., Junek, L.: Acceleration of server-side image processing by client-side pre-processing in web application environment. In: 2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), pp. 127\u2013130 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2019.8768889","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.8768889"},{"key":"2522_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, B.R.: Analysis of digital art content created through collaboration. Arch. Des. Res. 30(4), 17\u201325 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15187\/adr.2017.11.30.4.17","DOI":"10.15187\/adr.2017.11.30.4.17"},{"key":"2522_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, J.R.: Ibm computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction pp. 57\u201378 (1995)","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319509526110"},{"key":"2522_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, K., Jakubal, V., Achten, H., Matejovska, D.: Collab sketch: Case study on collaborative sketching. In: Fusion - Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference, pp. 213\u2013218 (2013)","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2013.1.213"},{"key":"2522_CR18","unstructured":"Photopea. https:\/\/www.photopea.com\/. Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"key":"2522_CR19","unstructured":"Pixlr. https:\/\/pixlr.com\/. Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"key":"2522_CR20","unstructured":"Rempt, B., Berger, C.: Open raster specification. https:\/\/www.openraster.org\/. Accessed: 2020-10-21"},{"key":"2522_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richter, M., S\u00f6chting, M., Semmo, A., D\u00f6llner, J., Trapp, M.: Service-based Processing and Provisioning of Image-Abstraction Techniques. In: Proceedings International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision (WSCG), pp. 97\u2013106. Computer Science Research Notes (CSRN), Plzen, Czech Republic (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24132\/CSRN.2018.2802.13. http:\/\/wscg.zcu.cz\/WSCG2018\/Short\/P97-full.PDF","DOI":"10.24132\/CSRN.2018.2802.13"},{"key":"2522_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818110","author":"G Salvati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salvati, G., Santoni, C., Tibaldo, V., Pellacini, F.: Meshhisto: collaborative modeling by sharing and retargeting editing histories. ACM Trans. Graph. (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2816795.2818110","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"issue":"1","key":"2522_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/505151.505152","volume":"9","author":"C Sun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sun, C., Chen, D.: Consistency maintenance in real-time collaborative graphics editing systems. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact 9(1), 1\u201341 (2002)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact"},{"key":"2522_CR24","unstructured":"Viggiato, M., Terra, R., Rocha, H., Valente, M.T., Figueiredo, E.: Microservices in practice: a survey study. CoRR (2018). arXiv:1808.04836"},{"key":"2522_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wegen, O., Trapp, M., D\u00f6llner, J., Pasewaldt, S.: Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Service-based Image Processing based on Software Rendering. In: Proceedings International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision (WSCG), pp. 127\u2013136. Computer Science Research Notes (CSRN), Plzen, Czech Republic (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24132\/csrn.2019.2901.1.15","DOI":"10.24132\/csrn.2019.2901.1.15"},{"issue":"1","key":"2522_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-019-0427-6","volume":"2019","author":"C Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, C., Li, L., Peng, C., Wu, Y., Xiong, N., Lee, C.: Design and analysis of an effective graphics collaborative editing system. EURASIP J. Image Video Process. 2019(1), 50 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13640-019-0427-6","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Image Video Process."},{"key":"2522_CR27","unstructured":"Zhai, J., Li, Q., Li, X., Wenyin, L.: A cooperative image editing tool over mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Multimedia Modelling Conference, MMM \u201905, p. 264-270. IEEE Computer Society, USA (2005)"}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-022-02522-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-022-02522-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-022-02522-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T15:11:52Z","timestamp":1671030712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-022-02522-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-022-02522-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0178-2789"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-2315"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}