{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T22:04:33Z","timestamp":1755036273392,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-023-02866-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T11:01:17Z","timestamp":1685271677000},"page":"1537-1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A new face presentation attack detection method based on face-weighted multi-color multi-level texture features"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5627-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U\u011fur","family":"Turhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asuman","family":"G\u00fcnay Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasif","family":"Nabiyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2866_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ATSIP.2021.8","author":"H Imaoka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imaoka, H., Hashimoto, H., Takahashi, K., et al.: The future of biometrics technology: from face recognition to related applications. APSIPA Trans. Signal Inf. Process. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ATSIP.2021.8","journal-title":"APSIPA Trans. Signal Inf. Process."},{"key":"2866_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-020-00719-9","volume":"27","author":"X Shu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shu, X., Tang, H., Huang, S.: Face spoofing detection based on chromatic ED-LBP texture feature. Multimed. Syst. 27, 161\u2013176 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00530-020-00719-9","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."},{"key":"2866_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Freitas Pereira, T., Komulainen, J., Anjos, A., et al (2014) Face liveness detection using dynamic texture. EURASIP J. Image Video Process.","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-2"},{"key":"2866_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulkenafet, Z., Komulainen, J., Hadid, A.: Face anti-spoofing based on color texture analysis. In: Proceedings\u2014International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP 2015, pp. 2636\u20132640. (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2015.7351280"},{"key":"2866_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/computers5020010","volume":"5","author":"S Parveen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parveen, S., Ahmad, S.M.S., Abbas, N.H., et al.: Face liveness detection using dynamic local ternary pattern (DLTP). Computers 5, 1\u201315 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers5020010","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"2866_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2018.01.001","volume":"51","author":"LB Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, L.B., Peng, F., Qin, L., Long, M.: Face spoofing detection based on color texture Markov feature and support vector machine recursive feature elimination. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 51, 56\u201369 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvcir.2018.01.001","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"2866_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Feng, X., Jiang, X., et al (2018) Face anti-spoofing via deep local binary patterns. Proceedings\u2014International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP 2017, pp. 101\u2013105","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296251"},{"key":"2866_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2018.05.009","volume":"54","author":"L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, L., Feng, X., Xia, Z., et al.: Face spoofing detection with local binary pattern network. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 54, 182\u2013192 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvcir.2018.05.009","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"2866_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2825949","volume":"13","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H., He, P., Wang, S., et al.: Learning generalized deep feature representation for face anti-spoofing. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 13, 2639\u20132652 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2825949","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"2866_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2018.04.007","volume":"77","author":"Z Boulkenafet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boulkenafet, Z., Komulainen, J., Hadid, A.: On the generalization of color texture-based face anti-spoofing. Image Vis. Comput. 77, 1\u20139 (2018)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"2866_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2012.0071","volume":"3","author":"A Anjos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anjos, A., Chakka, M.M., Marcel, S.: Motion-based counter-measures to photo attacks in face recognition. IET Biom. 3, 147\u2013158 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-bmt.2012.0071","journal-title":"IET Biom."},{"key":"2866_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-016-1014-2","volume":"11","author":"A Alotaibi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alotaibi, A., Mahmood, A.: Deep face liveness detection based on nonlinear diffusion using convolution neural network. Signal Image Video Process. 11, 713\u2013720 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11760-016-1014-2","journal-title":"Signal Image Video Process."},{"key":"2866_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2400395","author":"D Wen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wen, D., Han, H., Jain, A.K.: Face spoof detection with image distortion analysis. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2400395","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"2866_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2292332","volume":"23","author":"J Galbally","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galbally, J., Marcel, S., Fierrez, J.: Image quality assessment for fake biometric detection: application to Iris, fingerprint, and face recognition. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 23, 710\u2013724 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2013.2292332","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"2866_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2555286","volume":"11","author":"Z Boulkenafet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boulkenafet, Z., Komulainen, J., Hadid, A.: Face spoofing detection using colour texture analysis. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 11, 1818\u20131830 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2555286","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"2866_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2578288","volume":"11","author":"K Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel, K., Han, H., Jain, A.K.: Secure face unlock: spoof detection on smartphones. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 11, 2268\u20132283 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2578288","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"2866_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2630740","volume":"24","author":"Z Boulkenafet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boulkenafet, Z., Komulainen, J., Hadid, A.: Face antispoofing using speeded-up robust features and fisher vector encoding. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 24, 141\u2013145 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSP.2016.2630740","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"2866_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8883","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-017-4780-0","volume":"77","author":"F Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng, F., Qin, L., Long, M.: Face presentation attack detection using guided scale texture. Multimed. Tools Appl. 77, 8883\u20138909 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-017-4780-0","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"2866_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khurshid, A., Tamayo, S.C., Fernandes, E., et al (2019) A robust and real-time face anti-spoofing method based on texture feature analysis. In: International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, pp 484\u2013496","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30033-3_37"},{"key":"2866_CR20","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Shu, K., Liu, P., et al (2020) Face anti-spoofing based on dynamic color texture analysis using local directional number pattern. In: Proceedings\u2014International Conference on Pattern Recognition pp. 4221\u20134228"},{"key":"2866_CR21","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-J., Chen, J.-Y., Lu, Z.-M.: Face anti-spoofing detection based on color texture structure analysis. Taiwan Ubiquitous Inf. (2022)"},{"key":"2866_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145196","author":"F Abdullakutty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdullakutty, F., Johnston, P., Elyan, E.: Fusion methods for face presentation attack detection. Sensors (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145196","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2866_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2022.104428","author":"HH Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, H.H., Yeh, C.H.: Face anti-spoofing detection based on multi-scale image quality assessment. Image Vis. Comput. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imavis.2022.104428","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"2866_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02123-4","volume":"38","author":"S Arora","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arora, S., Bhatia, M.P.S., Mittal, V.: A robust framework for spoofing detection in faces using deep learning. Vis. Comput. 38, 2461\u20132472 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-021-02123-4","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"2866_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-022-02420-6","author":"D He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, D., He, X., Yuan, R., et al.: Lightweight network-based multi-modal feature fusion for face anti-spoofing. Vis. Comput. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-022-02420-6","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"2866_CR26","unstructured":"Shepley, A.J.: Deep learning for face recognition: a critical analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:190712739 (2019)"},{"key":"2866_CR27","unstructured":"Trigueros, D.S., Meng, L., Hartnett, M.: Face recognition: from traditional to deep learning methods. arXiv preprint arXiv:181100116 (2018)"},{"key":"2866_CR28","first-page":"1755","volume":"10","author":"DE King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King, D.E.: Dlib-ml: a machine learning toolkit. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10, 1755\u20131758 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"2866_CR29","unstructured":"Bora, D.J., Kumar Gupta, A., Khan, F.A.: Comparing the performance of L*A*B* and HSV color spaces with respect to color \u0131mage segmentation (2015)"},{"key":"2866_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z.K., Liu, D.H.: Segmentation of color image using EM algorithm in HSV color space. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Information Acquisition, ICIA 316\u2013319 (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIA.2007.4295749"},{"key":"2866_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2478\/cait-2013-0009","volume":"13","author":"S Murali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murali, S., Govindan, V.K.: Shadow detection and removal from a single image: using LAB color space. Cybern. Inf. Technol. 13, 95\u2013103 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cait-2013-0009","journal-title":"Cybern. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"2866_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Bovik, A.C., Sheikh, H.R., Simoncelli, E.P.: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13, 600\u2013612 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"2866_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Simoncelli, E.P., Bovik, A.C.: Multi-scale structural similarity for image quality assessment. In: Conference Record of the Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers 2:1398\u20131402. (2003) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/acssc.2003.1292216","DOI":"10.1109\/acssc.2003.1292216"},{"key":"2866_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","volume":"24","author":"T Ojala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ojala, T., Pietik\u00e4inen, M., M\u00e4enp\u00e4\u00e4, T.: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24, 971\u2013987 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2866_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","author":"T Ojala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ojala, T., Pietik\u00e4inen, M., M\u00e4enp\u00e4\u00e4, T.: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2866_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay, A., Nabiyev, V.: Facial age estimation based on decision level fusion of AAM, LBP and gabor features (2015)","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2015.060803"},{"key":"2866_CR37","first-page":"48","volume":"5","author":"A G\u00fcnay Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay Y\u0131lmaz, A., Turhal, U., Nabiyev, V.: Effect of feature selection with meta-heuristic. J. Mod. Technol. Eng. 5, 48\u201359 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Mod. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"2866_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.2012.727746","author":"C Croux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Croux, C., Filzmoser, P., Fritz, H.: Robust sparse principal component analysis. Technometrics (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00401706.2012.727746","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"2866_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"A G\u00fcnay","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay, A., Nabiyev, V.: Y\u00fcz B\u00f6lgelerinin Ya\u015f Tahmini Ba\u015far\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Ya\u015f Gruplar\u0131na G\u00f6re De\u011ferlendirilmesi. T\u00fcrkiye Bili\u015fim Vakf\u0131 Bilgisayar Bilimleri ve M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Dergisi 9, 1\u201310 (2017)","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Bili\u015fim Vakf\u0131 Bilgisayar Bilimleri ve M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Dergisi"},{"key":"2866_CR40","unstructured":"Kavzo\u011flu, T., \u00c7\u00f6lkesen, \u0130.: Destek Vekt\u00f6r Makineleri ile Uydu G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda Kernel Fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n Etkilerinin \u0130ncelenmesi. (2010) pp. 73\u201382"},{"key":"2866_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yan, J., Liu, S., et al.: A face antispoofing database with diverse attacks. In: Proceedings\u20142012 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics, ICB 2012. pp 2\u20137 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2012.6199754"},{"key":"2866_CR42","unstructured":"Chingovska, I., Anjos, A., Marcel, S.: On the effectiveness of local binary patterns in face anti-spoofing. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group, BIOSIG (2012)"},{"key":"2866_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(02)00089-1","volume":"3","author":"S Bengio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bengio, S., Marcel, C., Marcel, S., Mari\u00e9thoz, J.: Confidence measures for multimodal identity verification. Inf. Fusion 3, 267\u2013276 (2002)","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-023-02866-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-023-02866-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-023-02866-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]],"date-time":"2024-02-18T23:30:26Z","timestamp":1708299026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-023-02866-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-023-02866-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0178-2789"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-2315"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The databases that support the findings of this study are available from The Center for Biometrics and Security Research (CASIA-FASD) and Idiap Research Institute (Replay-Attack). However, restrictions apply to the availability of these databases, which were used under license in this study and are not publicly available. Databases are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of [, ].","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}}]}}