{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:28:55Z","timestamp":1775082535143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vis Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-023-03067-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1694869303000},"page":"4039-4054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ParaColorizer-Realistic image colorization using parallel generative networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Saurav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3067_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charpiat, G., Hofmann, M., Sch\u00f6lkopf, B.: Automatic image colorization via multimodal predictions. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 126\u2013139. Springer, (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88690-7_10"},{"key":"3067_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, A., Lischinski, D., Weiss, Y.: Colorization using optimization. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers, pp. 689\u2013694. (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/1186562.1015780"},{"key":"3067_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y. C., Tung, Y. S., Chen, J. C., Wang, S. W., Wu, J. L.: An adaptive edge detection based colorization algorithm and its applications. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 351\u2013354. (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1101149.1101223"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2005.864231","volume":"15","author":"L Yatziv","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yatziv, L., Sapiro, G.: Fast image and video colorization using chrominance blending. Trans. Img. Proc. 15(5), 1120\u20131129 (2006)","journal-title":"Trans. Img. Proc."},{"issue":"3","key":"3067_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1142017","volume":"25","author":"Y Qu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Qu, Y., Wong, T.T., Heng, P.A.: Manga colorization. ACM Trans. Graph. 25(3), 1214\u20131220 (2006)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"3067_CR6","unstructured":"Luan, Q., Wen, F., Cohen-Or, D., Liang, L., Xu, Y.Q., Shum, H.Y.: Natural image colorization. In: Proceedings of the 18th Eurographics Conference on Rendering Techniques, EGSR\u201907, pp. 309-320, Goslar, DEU, (2007). Eurographics Association"},{"key":"3067_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00fdkora, D., Dingliana, J., Collins, S.: Lazybrush: Flexible painting tool for hand\u2013drawn cartoons. Computer Graphics Forum, 28, (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01400.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"3067_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566576","volume":"21","author":"T Welsh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Welsh, T., Ashikhmin, M., Mueller, K.: Transferring color to greyscale images. ACM Trans. Graph. 21(3), 277\u2013280 (2002)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"3067_CR9","first-page":"201","volume":"29","author":"R Ironi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ironi, R., Cohen-Or, D., Lischinski, D.: Colorization by example. Render. Tech. 29, 201\u2013210 (2005)","journal-title":"Render. Tech."},{"key":"3067_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.K., Chia, A.Y.S., Rajan, D., Ng, E.S., Zhiyong, H.: Image colorization using similar images. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 369\u2013378. (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2393347.2393402"},{"key":"3067_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wan, L., Qu, Y., Wong, T.T., Lin, S., Leung, C.S., Heng, P.A.: Intrinsic colorization. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers, pp. 1\u20139. (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1457515.1409105"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925974","volume":"35","author":"S Iizuka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iizuka, S., Simo-Serra, E., Ishikawa, H.: Let there be color! joint end-to-end learning of global and local image priors for automatic image colorization with simultaneous classification. ACM Trans. Graph.(ToG) 35(4), 1\u201311 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph.(ToG)"},{"key":"3067_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson, G., Maire, M., Shakhnarovich, G.: Learning representations for automatic colorization. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 577\u2013593. Springer, (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_35"},{"key":"3067_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Isola, P., Efros, A.A.: Colorful image colorization. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.), Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2016, pp. 649\u2013666, Springer International Publishing, Cham, (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46487-9_40"},{"key":"3067_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Zhu, J.Y., Isola, P., Geng, X., Lin, A.S., Yu, T., Efros, A.A.: Real-time user-guided image colorization with learned deep priors, (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073703"},{"key":"3067_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, P., Zhu, J.Y., Zhou, T., Efros, A.A.: Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1125\u20131134. (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.632"},{"key":"3067_CR17","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Liu, L., Snoek, C. G., Han, J., Shao, L.: Pixel-level semantics guided image colorization, (2018)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"H Mingming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mingming, H., Dongdong, C., Jing, L., Sander, P.V., Yuan, L.: Deep exemplar-based colorization. ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG) 37(4), 1\u201316 (2018)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG)"},{"key":"3067_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guadarrama, S., Dahl, R., Bieber, D. Norouzi, M., Shlens, J., Murphy, K.: Pixcolor: Pixel recursive colorization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.07208, (2017)","DOI":"10.5244\/C.31.112"},{"key":"3067_CR20","unstructured":"Kolesnikov, A., Royer, A., Lampert, C.: Probabilistic image colorization. In: Brostow, G., Kim, T.K., Zafeiriou, S., Mikolajczyk, K. (eds.) Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), pp. 85.1\u201385.12. BMVA Press, September (2017)"},{"key":"3067_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, A., Lu, J., Yeh, M.C., Jin Chong, M., Forsyth, D.: Learning diverse image colorization. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 6837\u20136845. (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.307"},{"key":"3067_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messaoud, S., Forsyth, D., Schwing, A.G.: Structural consistency and controllability for diverse colorization. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), September (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01231-1_37"},{"key":"3067_CR23","unstructured":"Antic, J: jantic\/deoldify: A deep learning based project for colorizing and restoring old images (and video!), (2019)"},{"key":"3067_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J.W., Chu., H.K., Huang, J.B.: Instance-aware image colorization. In: 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 7965\u20137974. (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00799"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02219-x","volume":"38","author":"Q Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Chen, Y., Tao, W., Han Jiang, M., Zhang, K.C., Erdt, M.: A gan-based approach toward architectural line drawing colorization prototyping. Vis. Comput. 38(4), 1283\u20131300 (2022)","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"3067_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-020-01933-2","volume":"37","author":"W Min","year":"2021","unstructured":"Min, W., Jin, X., Jiang, Q., Lee, S., Liang, W., Lin, G., Yao, S.: Remote sensing image colorization using symmetrical multi-scale dcgan in yuv color space. Vis. Comput. 37, 1707\u20131729 (2021)","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"3067_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, K., Hong, K., Li, J., Li, W., Liao, W., Liu, Q.: Joint intensity-gradient guided generative modeling for colorization. Vis. Comput. pp. 1432\u20132315, (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-022-02747-0"},{"key":"3067_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazeri, K., Ng, E., Ebrahimi, M: Image colorization using generative adversarial networks. In: International Conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects, pp. 85\u201394. Springer, (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94544-6_9"},{"key":"3067_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitoria, P., Raad, L., Ballester, C.: Chromagan: adversarial picture colorization with semantic class distribution. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, pp. 2445\u20132454. (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093389"},{"key":"3067_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Ji, Y., Lin, X., Liu, C.: Style transfer for anime sketches with enhanced residual u-net and auxiliary classifier gan. In: 2017 4th IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition (ACPR), pp. 506\u2013511. IEEE, (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACPR.2017.61"},{"issue":"2","key":"3067_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2008.2009679","volume":"11","author":"N O\u2019Hare","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare, N., Smeaton, A.F.: Context-aware person identification in personal photo collections. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 11(2), 220\u2013228 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"3067_CR32","unstructured":"Ham, H.G., Jun, T.J., Kim, D.: Unbalanced gans: pre-training the generator of generative adversarial network using variational autoencoder. arXiv:2002.02112, (2020)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2887342","volume":"28","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, H., Xiao-Jun, W.: Densefuse: A fusion approach to infrared and visible images. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28(5), 2614\u20132623 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"3067_CR34","unstructured":"Hoang, Q.M., Nguyen, T.D., Le, T., Phung, D.Q.: Mgan: training generative adversarial nets with multiple generators. In ICLR, (2018)"},{"key":"3067_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, X., Pellacini, F.: Appprop: all-pairs appearance-space edit propagation. ACM Trans. Graph., 27(3), (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360639"},{"key":"3067_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatys, L.A., Ecker, A.S., Bethge, M.: Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2414\u20132423. (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.265"},{"key":"3067_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman, D., Kisilev, P.: Object-to-object color transfer: optimal flows and smsp transformations. In: 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 287\u2013294, (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5540201"},{"key":"3067_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitie, F., Kokaram, A.C., Dahyot, R.: N-Dimensional probability density function transfer and its application to color transfer. In: Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV\u201905) Volume 1, vol. 2, pp. 1434\u20131439. (2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2005.166"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601101","volume":"33","author":"PY Laffont","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laffont, P.Y., Ren, Z., Tao, X., Qian, C., Hays, J.: Transient attributes for high-level understanding and editing of outdoor scenes. ACM Trans. Graph. 33(4), 1\u201311 (2014)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"3067_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, Y.C., Paris, S., Barnes, C., Freeman, W.T., Fr\u00e9do, D.: Style transfer for headshot portraits. ACM Trans. Graph., 33, (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601137"},{"key":"3067_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Dong, W., Kong, Y., Mei, X., Paul, J.C., Zhang, X.:: Content-based colour transfer. In: Computer Graphics Forum, pp. 190\u2013203. Wiley Online Library, 2013","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12008"},{"key":"3067_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., He, M., Liao, J., Sander, P. V., Yuan, L., Bermak, A., Chen, D.: Deep exemplar-based video colorization, (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00824"},{"key":"3067_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Yang, Q., Sheng, B.: Deep colorization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 415\u2013423, (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.55"},{"key":"3067_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 248\u2013255, (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"3067_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Gkioxari, G., Doll\u00e1r, P., Girshick, R.: Mask r-cnn. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2961\u20132969. (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"3067_CR46","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Goodfellow, I., Metaxas, D., Odena, A.: Self-attention generative adversarial networks. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 7354\u20137363. PMLR, (2019)"},{"key":"3067_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, X., Li, Q., Xie, H., Lau, R.Y.K., Wang, Z., Paul Smolley, S.: Least squares generative adversarial networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2794\u20132802, (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.304"},{"key":"3067_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, J., Tan, G., Xiao, Y., Xu, F., Leung, C.S.: Edge-aware multi-scale progressive colorization. In: ICASSP 2021-2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 1655\u20131659. IEEE, (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9414764"},{"key":"3067_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., Doll\u00e1r, P., Zitnick, C.L.: Microsoft coco: common objects in context. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 740\u2013755. Springer, (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"3067_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kastryulin, S., Zakirov, J., Prokopenko, D., Dylov, D.V.: Pytorch image quality: Metrics for image quality assessment, (2022)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4206741"},{"key":"3067_CR51","unstructured":"Maximilian Seitzer. pytorch-fid: Fid score for pytorch. https:\/\/github.com\/mseitzer\/pytorch-fid, (2020)"},{"key":"3067_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Wang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Zhao, X., Shan, Y.: Towards vivid and diverse image colorization with generative color prior. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 14377\u201314386, (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01411"},{"key":"3067_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasler, D., Suesstrunk, S.E.: Measuring colorfulness in natural images. In: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VIII, vol. 5007, pp. 87\u201395. International Society for Optics and Photonics, (2003)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.477378"},{"key":"3067_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Khosla, A., Lapedriza, A., Torralba, A., Oliva, A.: Places: an image database for deep scene understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.02055, (2016)","DOI":"10.1167\/17.10.296"},{"key":"3067_CR55","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Weissenborn, D., Kalchbrenner, N.: Colorization transformer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.04432, (2021)"}],"container-title":["The Visual Computer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-023-03067-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00371-023-03067-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00371-023-03067-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T11:09:23Z","timestamp":1717672163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00371-023-03067-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-023-03067-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2789","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}